GS Paper 1 Ancient History 20 March 2026 Mains Exam: 2024

Underline the changes in the field of economy and society from Rig Vedic to later Vedic period (Answer in 150 words) 10

Est. writing time: 12–15 min

Word count: ~152 words

Introduction: The transition from the Rig Vedic to the Later Vedic period witnessed significant transformations in both economy and society.

Economic Changes:
The Rig Vedic economy was predominantly pastoral, with cattle as the main measure of wealth. Agriculture was limited. In the Later Vedic period, agriculture became the primary occupation due to the use of iron tools, leading to surplus production. Trade and crafts also developed, indicating a more complex economy.

Social Changes:
Rig Vedic society was relatively egalitarian and tribal, with flexible varna divisions and better status of women. In contrast, the Later Vedic period saw the emergence of a stratified society with a rigid varna system. The dominance of Brahmins and Kshatriyas increased, while women’s status declined, evident from restrictions on education and participation.

Conclusion: Thus, the period marks a shift from a simple, pastoral society to a complex agrarian and hierarchical order.