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Comprehensive, expert-curated notes for UPSC optional subjects. Master your chosen optional with in-depth coverage of every topic.
Agriculture Sector in India
Agriculture and Agriculture marketing is a State subject. 70% of India's rural households depend on agriculture of which 82% are SF and MFs. Agriculture and allied employs 54.6% workforce
Various Stages of Continental Drift Theory
The first stage occurred during the Carboniferous period, when Pangea, a supercontinent, was encircled by Panthalassa, a mega-ocean
Two Main Lines of Geomorphology Application
The application of geomorphology, according to Charley, Schumn, and Sugden, may be considered along two lines:
Geomorphic Cycles and Landscape Development
Geomorphic cycle also called a geographic cycle, or cycle of erosion, theory of the evolution of landforms
Channel Morphology
Channel morphology is also called river channel morphology (or river morphology), it is a complete study of the channel from geography aspect to channel fluids dynamics aspect.
Denudation
denudation involves the processes that cause the wearing away of Earth’s surface by moving water, ice, wind, and waves. This leads to a reduction in elevation and in relief of landforms and of landscapes.
Peneplains
The concept of a peneplain (the word meaning ―almost a plain) emerged from W.M. Davis‘cyclic view of landscape evolution.
Definitions of Geography (Use this in Introduction)
Many famous geographers and nongeographers have attempted to define the discipline in a few short words.
Paleozoic Era (Ancient Life)
The Cambrian period is the 1 st period of the Paleozoic Era.
Magnetic Poles & Geomagnetic Poles
A magnet’s North pole is thought of as the pole that is attracted by the Earth’s North Magnetic Pole when the magnet is suspended so it can turn freely
Concept of Geosyncline theory and its Development
The concept of geosynclines was forwarded by Hall and Dana and elaborated by Haug.
Gaseous hypothesis of Kant
Nebula – It is a primordial (primitive) amorphous (without shape) mass of cloud of gas and dust.
Development of the Isostasy Concept
The concept of isostasy came in the mind of geologists but the concept grew out of the attraction of giant mountainous masses.
Historical Approach:
This approach emphasizes the historical evolution of slopes right from their origin to the present form. It, however, suffers from the inherent problem of correct reconstruction of the past forms of the slope.
Theories of Mountain Building
A mountain can be defined as an area of land that rises abruptly from the surrounding region and higher than the hill.
Volcanism
Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock from inside the Earth to the surface. Volcanism occurs because of Earth’s internal heat, and is associated with tectonic processes and a part of the rock cycle.