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International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA)
On 20th February 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the U.S. President’s use of emergency powers to impose sweeping tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA).
The ruling clarified limits on presidential authority to regulate imports through emergency declarations.
Aspect
Details
Supreme Court Ruling
The Court struck down the use of emergency powers for impo
India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
On 22nd December 2025, India and New Zealand concluded negotiations for a landmark Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
The agreement became one of India’s fastest-concluded FTAs since negotiations began in March 2025.
Key Highlights of the Agreement
Area
Details
Market Access
Provides zero-duty access on 100% of Indian exports to New Zealand from Entry into Force.
Investment Commitment
New
India-EU Free Trade Agreement
On 27th January 2026, at the 16th India-EU Summit, India and the European Union concluded negotiations on the long-pending India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
The agreement was finalised nearly two decades after negotiations first began, reflecting a major shift in India-EU economic relations.
India-EU Trade Profile at a Glance
Area
Details
Bilateral Trade
India-EU merchandise trade stood at $137 billion in 2024
Expiry of New START Treaty
The New START Treaty, the last major nuclear arms control agreement between the United States and Russia, expired on 5th February 2026.
Its expiry ended binding limits on their strategic nuclear arsenals and raised global concerns about a renewed arms race.
However, Russia’s foreign minister recently said that Moscow will continue to observe the limits set under the New START Treaty even after its expiry, as long as the United States follows th
Global Pandemic Treaty
The WHO Pandemic Agreement was adopted by the World Health Assembly on 20 May 2025.
It is a legally binding treaty aimed at improving global pandemic preparedness and response.
Key Elements of the Draft Agreement
Element
Details
Pathogen Access & Benefit Sharing
Includes a system for equitable sharing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics during pandemics.
Production Allocation
Parties are requi
Convention on Cluster Munitions
On 6th March 2025, Lithuania officially exited the Convention on Cluster Munitions, citing national security concerns.
It became the first country to leave the convention and the first EU/NATO member to exit a multilateral arms-control agreement.
What are Cluster bombs?
Feature
Explanation
Explosive Weapons
Cluster bombs scatter smaller bomblets over a wide area.
Long-Term Danger
Many bomblets r
INF Treaty
On 4th August 2025, Russia formally declared that it would no longer observe the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty.
Russia cited the deployment of U.S. intermediate-range missiles in Europe and the Asia-Pacific as a direct security threat.
What was the INF Treaty?
Aspect
Details
Signing
Signed in 1987 by US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
Missile Range Covered
Banned all lan
Ottawa Treaty on Landmines
On 19th June 2025, Finland’s Parliament approved its withdrawal from the Ottawa Treaty, which bans anti-personnel landmines.
Finland became the fifth European country to move out of the treaty framework, citing rising security concerns linked to Russia.
What is the Ottawa Treaty?
Aspect
Details
Official Name
Formally known as the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention or the Ottawa Convention.
Main Obj
India-France Joint Defence Venture
On 24th November 2025, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and France’s Safran Electronics & Defence (SED) signed a Joint Venture Cooperation Agreement (JVCA) to locally produce the HAMMER precision-guided air-to-ground weapon system in India.
The agreement strengthens India-France defence industrial cooperation and supports India’s push toward defence indigenisation and advanced military manufacturing.
India-France Defence Indus
India’s Landmark Rafale Deal
India’s Ministry of Defence (MoD) has cleared a massive Rs. 3.25 trillion proposal for the procurement of 114 Rafale fighter jets to address the Indian Air Force’s critical fighter squadron shortage.
The acquisition is intended to modernise the IAF’s combat fleet, replace ageing Soviet-era aircraft, and strengthen India’s air power against regional security challenges from China and Pakistan.
Why the Deal is Important
18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was held in Bhubaneswar in January 2025.
The event was organised under the theme “Diaspora’s Contribution to Viksit Bharat”.
Key Details
Aspect
Details
Event
18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas.
Venue
Bhubaneswar.
Date
Held in January 2025.
Theme
Diaspora’s Contribution to Viksit Bharat.
About Pravasi