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Expiry of New START Treaty The New START Treaty, the last major nuclear arms control agreement between the United States and Russia, expired on 5th February 2026. Its expiry ended binding limits on their strategic nuclear arsenals and raised global concerns about a renewed arms race. However, Russia’s foreign minister recently said that Moscow will continue to observe the limits set under the New START Treaty even after its expiry, as long as the United States follows th
Global Pandemic Treaty The WHO Pandemic Agreement was adopted by the World Health Assembly on 20 May 2025. It is a legally binding treaty aimed at improving global pandemic preparedness and response. Key Elements of the Draft Agreement Element Details Pathogen Access & Benefit Sharing Includes a system for equitable sharing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics during pandemics. Production Allocation Parties are requi
Convention on Cluster Munitions On 6th March 2025, Lithuania officially exited the Convention on Cluster Munitions, citing national security concerns. It became the first country to leave the convention and the first EU/NATO member to exit a multilateral arms-control agreement. What are Cluster bombs? Feature Explanation Explosive Weapons Cluster bombs scatter smaller bomblets over a wide area. Long-Term Danger Many bomblets r
INF Treaty On 4th August 2025, Russia formally declared that it would no longer observe the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. Russia cited the deployment of U.S. intermediate-range missiles in Europe and the Asia-Pacific as a direct security threat. What was the INF Treaty? Aspect Details Signing Signed in 1987 by US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Missile Range Covered Banned all lan
Ottawa Treaty on Landmines On 19th June 2025, Finland’s Parliament approved its withdrawal from the Ottawa Treaty, which bans anti-personnel landmines. Finland became the fifth European country to move out of the treaty framework, citing rising security concerns linked to Russia. What is the Ottawa Treaty? Aspect Details Official Name Formally known as the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention or the Ottawa Convention. Main Obj
Axiom-4 Mission On 15th July 2025, Indian astronaut Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla and three other crew members of the Axiom-4 mission safely returned to Earth after a 20-day mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Group Captain Shukla became the first Indian to visit the ISS and the second Indian in space after Rakesh Sharma in 1984. Aspect Details Mission Launch The Axiom-4 mission began on 25th June 2025 aboard a SpaceX rocket carryi
Fram2 Mission On 31st March 2025, SpaceX launched its sixth private astronaut mission, Fram2, from the Kennedy Space Centre in Cape Canaveral, Florida. It became the first human mission to orbit Earth in a polar trajectory, flying from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Aspect Details Mission Type SpaceX’s sixth private astronaut mission. Launch Site Kennedy Space Centre, Cape Canaveral, Florida. Historic First Firs
SPHEREx Mission On 11th March 2025, NASA launched the Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx). The mission was launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. Aspect Details Main Objective To study the origins of the universe, evolution of galaxies, and life-forming molecules in the Milky Way. Sky Mapping SPHEREx will create the mos
Lunar Trailblazer On 26th February 2025, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched the Lunar Trailblazer satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission focuses on studying the presence and movement of water on the Moon, especially near the lunar poles. Aspect Details Mission Objective Investigate the presence of water, including ice deposits in permanently shadowed craters near
Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX) Mission On 14th May 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) jointly commenced the preliminary design phase for Chandrayaan-5. The mission is aimed at detecting water on the lunar surface and subsurface through deeper India-Japan cooperation in lunar science. Key Points Aspect Details Mission Name Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX), also known as the Lunar Polar Exploration
TRACERS Mission NASA has launched the TRACERS mission, which stands for Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites. The mission is designed to study magnetic reconnection events caused by interactions between the Sun’s magnetic field and Earth’s magnetic field. Objective The mission aims to study the magnetic reconnection-energy burst that occurs when solar magnetic fields interact with Earth’s magnetic environment.
ISRO’s DUST Experiment (DEX) ISRO’s Dust Experiment (DEX), a 3-kg instrument developed by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), has confirmed that an interplanetary dust particle strikes Earth’s atmosphere roughly every 1,000 seconds. This means an interplanetary dust particle enters Earth’s atmosphere approximately once every 16 minutes. Aspect
ISRO’s PSLV-C62 Mission On 12th January 2026, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched the PSLV-C62 mission from Sriharikota, carrying the EOS-N1 satellite and 15 co-passenger satellites. The mission later encountered an anomaly during the third stage of flight, leading to a detailed technical investigation. Aspect Details Launch Vehicle PSLV-C62 launched from Sriharikota carrying EOS-N1 and multiple co-passenger satellites.
Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) Module On 22nd August 2025, during the National Space Day celebrations in New Delhi, the first module of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) was unveiled. The development marks a major milestone in India’s long-term orbital research and human spaceflight ambitions. About BAS The Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) is India’s planned orbital space station intended to support astronaut stays, scientific research, technology demons
India’s First Commercial Earth Observation Satellite Constellation On 20th January 2026, a consortium led by Bengaluru-based Pixxel Space signed a Memorandum of Understanding with IN-SPACe to develop India’s first privately built national Earth Observation (EO) satellite constellation. The project marks a major step in India’s expanding commercial space ecosystem and private participation in satellite infrastructure. Aspect Details L
Himalayan Outpost for Planetary Exploration (HOPE) The Himalayan Outpost for Planetary Exploration (HOPE) is a specialised space analog facility established by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in Ladakh’s Tso Kar Valley. Inaugurated in August 2025, the facility is designed to simulate lunar and Martian environments for future interplanetary mission preparation. Aspect Details Location Located in Tso Kar Valley, Ladakh, at an alt
Aditya-L1 Helps Decode an Unusual Solar Superstorm On 9th December 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced that Aditya-L1, India’s first solar observatory, had captured an unusual solar superstorm linked to events that struck Earth in May 2024. The solar storm behaved in an unexpected manner, providing scientists with important new insights into solar activity and magnetic interactions in space. What Was Unusual About the May 2024 Solar Storm?
ISRO’s 100th Rocket Launch On 29th January 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully completed its 100th rocket launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. The mission deployed the NVS-02 navigation satellite into orbit aboard the GSLV-F15 launch vehicle. NavIC NavIC is India’s regional navigation system that provides accurate positioning services across India and up to 1,500 km beyond its borders. Navigation Sy
Digantara’s SCOT Mission Bengaluru-based space technology startup Digantara launched its Space Camera for Object Tracking (SCOT) mission aboard the SpaceX Transporter-12 mission in early 2025. The mission represents a major advancement in commercial space monitoring and orbital safety technologies. Mission Details Aspect Details Historic Significance SCOT is recognised as the world’s first commercial Space Situational Awareness (S
ISRO Successfully Grows Cowpea Seeds in Space In January 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) achieved a major milestone in space agriculture by successfully growing cowpea seeds in space. The experiment can support future long-duration human missions by improving understanding of plant growth in microgravity. Aspect Details Mission Link The experiments were part of the PSLV-C60 SpaDeX mission, launched on 30th December 2024.
Heaviest Satellite Launch by ISRO On 24th December 2025, India’s heavy-lift launcher LVM3-M6, popularly known as the “Baahubali” rocket, successfully placed BlueBird Block-2 belonging to AST SpaceMobile Inc. (USA) into Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The launch took place from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, further strengthening India’s position in the global heavy-launch market. About LVM3 Aspect Details Full Form LVM3 stands
Chandrayaan-3 Reveals Moon’s Active Plasma Environment Analysis of data from the RAMBHA-LP instrument onboard the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-3 revealed that the lunar South Pole’s electrical and plasma environment is far more active than previously understood. Einstein Ring On 10th February 2025, the European Space Agency’s Euclid space telescope unveiled a rare Einstein ring around galaxy NGC 6505, located about 590 million light-years from Earth. The r
Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) Vaccine The Union Health Minister launched the indigenously manufactured Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) vaccine at the Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli, one of India’s premier public sector vaccine manufacturing institutions. The vaccine will replace the Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine in line with global recommendations and guidelines of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI). With the formal launch, the Td va
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