Ground Reality Gender justice in India

India has witnessed several landmark judicial pronouncements and constitutional commitments aimed at protecting individual rights, dignity, and freedom of choice, irrespective of sex, religion, caste, class, or ethnicity. However, justice is not experienced only through court rulings; it unfolds in everyday spaces such as homes, workplaces, and public areas. The central concern remains whether constitutional guarantees are translated into real safety, dignity, and equality for women.

Meaning of Gender Justice

Gender justice refers to ensuring equality, dignity, and safety for all genders. It does not imply identical treatment for everyone but involves recognising and addressing historical and social disadvantages faced by women.
It brings together three key ideas:

• Gender equality, which ensures equal treatment under the law

• Gender equity, which focuses on fair treatment by correcting disadvantages

• Women’s empowerment, which enables women to exercise control over their lives

Together, these concepts help in achieving substantive justice.

Constitutional Foundations of Gender Justice

The Constitution of India provides a strong legal foundation for gender justice through Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.

• Article 14 guarantees equality before the law.

• Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the ground of sex, while Article 15(3) allows special provisions for women.

• Article 16 ensures equal opportunity in public employment.

• Article 21, through judicial interpretation, includes the rights to dignity, privacy, and personal autonomy.

The Directive Principles, though non-justiciable, strengthen gender justice by guiding state policy.

• Article 39(d) promotes equal pay for equal work.

• Article 42 provides for just working conditions and maternity relief.

Gap Between Constitutional Promise and Social Reality

Despite progressive constitutional safeguards, the situation in homes, workplaces, and public spaces remains complex. While legal frameworks exist, their implementation and social acceptance are often uneven. As a result, many women continue to face discrimination, insecurity, and lack of dignity in daily life.

Political Representation and Gender Justice

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment marked a significant step by reserving one-third of seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions. In State of Rajasthan v. Union of India (1993), the Supreme Court upheld this reform as essential for participatory democracy.

However, women remain underrepresented in State Assemblies and Parliament. Although the Women’s Reservation Act, 2023 promises one-third representation in these bodies, its implementation is still pending, limiting women’s access to higher political leadership.

Gender Justice in the Workplace

The Constitution guarantees equal opportunity and equal pay, but judicial intervention has often been required to enforce these rights.

• In Air India v. Nergesh Meerza (1981), the Supreme Court struck down service rules that restricted marriage and motherhood for air hostesses.

• In Mackinnon Mackenzie v. Audrey D’Costa (1987), the Court affirmed that equal pay for equal work is a constitutional obligation.

Despite these judgments, many women, especially in the informal sector, continue to work without security, dignity, or effective protection from harassment.

Property and Inheritance Rights

Traditionally, daughters were denied equal inheritance rights. This began to change with judicial intervention.

• In the Mary Roy case (1986), the Supreme Court ensured equal inheritance rights for Christian women under the Indian Succession Act, 1925.

• In Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma (2020), daughters were recognised as equal coparceners under Hindu law.

Despite these rulings, social pressure often forces women to surrender their rightful share of property.

Gender Equality and Religious Practices

The conflict between constitutional equality and religious customs has been visible in places of worship.

• In Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (2018), the Supreme Court allowed women of all ages to enter the Sabarimala Temple.

• In G. Subramanian v. State of Tamil Nadu (2019), discriminatory temple practices were challenged.

These decisions faced strong resistance, showing that social change often lags behind legal reform.

Violence, Safety, and Bodily Autonomy

Gender justice becomes most urgent in cases of violence and bodily autonomy.

• In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997), the Supreme Court laid down guidelines to prevent sexual harassment at the workplace, later codified in the POSH Act, 2013.

• In Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration (2009), the Court affirmed a woman’s right to make decisions regarding her own body.

• The MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021 expanded access to safe abortion.

• In Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018), adultery was decriminalised, reinforcing women’s dignity and autonomy.

Justice in Everyday Life

Although India has a strong constitutional and judicial framework for gender justice, the gap between law and lived experience remains wide. Justice is often delayed or denied due to social norms, weak enforcement, and cultural resistance.

Conclusion

Gender justice in India is firmly rooted in the Constitution and reinforced by landmark judgments. However, its true realisation depends on effective implementation, legal awareness, social reform, and meaningful representation. The challenge ahead is to ensure that constitutional equality is not merely written in law but experienced in everyday life.