DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS

Recently, the President of India undertook a sortie in the indigenous Light Combat Helicopter Prachand at Air Force Station Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

About Light Combat Helicopter Prachand

• The LCH Prachand is an indigenously developed attack helicopter, designed and manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

• It is the only attack helicopter in the world capable of landing and taking off at altitudes of up to 5,000 metres (16,400 feet), making it uniquely suited for high-altitude operations in mountainous regions.

• The helicopter has been customised to meet the operational requirements of the Indian Armed Forces, including deployments in desert terrains and high-altitude sectors.

Key Features of LCH Prachand

1. Engines and Performance

   • Powered by twin French origin Shakti engines (5.8-tonne class), specially designed for high-altitude operations.

   • Maximum speed of 268 km/h.

   • Operational range of 550 km and endurance of over three hours.

2. Stealth and Survivability

1. Incorporates stealth technology ( less visible to radar, infrared (heat), sonar, and other detection methods)and armored shield systems.

1. Dark-mode attack capability for night and low-visibility operations.

2. Crash-resistant landing gear enhances survivability during emergency landings.

3. Pressurised cabin provides protection against nuclear, biological, and chemical threats.

4. Countermeasure dispensing system protects the helicopter from enemy radar and infrared-seeking missiles.

5. Weapon Systems

   • Equipped with a 20mm nose gun, capable of firing 800 rounds per minute with an effective range of up to 2 km.

   • Multi-role capabilities allow it to carry air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons, suitable for a wide spectrum of combat operations.

6. Adaptability

   • Can operate in extreme weather conditions, both in deserts and high-altitude regions like Ladakh.

   • Tailored to meet the specific needs of the Indian Army and Air Force for counter-insurgency and conventional warfare.

The Central Government informed the Lok Sabha that out of 8.48 lakh cooperative societies in India, only 3.49 lakh are in profit, while a large number are under stress. Around 2.11 lakh societies are running in losses, 1.41 lakh are non-functional, and 47,688 are under liquidation. This highlights the overall weak financial health of the cooperative sector.

State-wise Performance

States with High Defunct Societies

Uttar Pradesh has the highest percentage of defunct cooperatives at 41.8%, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal.
Among smaller regions, the situation is more severe in Nagaland (72.7%), Delhi (67.1%), Sikkim (55.3%), Manipur (52%), and Chandigarh (46.4%).
Better Performing States

States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Telangana have managed to keep most of their societies functional.
Concentration of Liquidation

The states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh together account for 93.44% of societies under liquidation.
Reasons for Poor Performance

Dairy Cooperatives

Dairy cooperatives have been affected after the COVID-19 due to price crashes and rising input costs, despite increased production.
Housing Cooperatives

Housing cooperatives face financial stress due to losses in scam-hit cooperative banks, along with issues like non-payment of dues, fund mismanagement, and redevelopment delays.
Credit & Thrift Societies

These societies suffer from weak regulation and limited financial resources, leading to irregular lending, high interest burdens, and vulnerability to frauds.
Women’s Cooperatives

Women’s cooperatives are constrained by limited access to finance, social barriers, lack of networks, and high work-life stress.
About Cooperatives

Cooperatives are people-centered enterprises that are owned, controlled, and managed by their members to meet common economic, social, and cultural needs. India has one of the world’s largest cooperative networks, with over 8 lakh cooperatives operating in sectors such as agriculture, credit, dairy, housing, and fisheries.

Cooperatives play a major role in the economy, contributing about 20% of agricultural credit, 35% of fertilizer distribution, 31% of sugar production, 13% of wheat procurement, and 20% of paddy procurement.

Evolution of Cooperatives in Pre-Independence Era

Early Legislative Framework

The cooperative movement in India began with the recommendations of the Indian Famine Commission, which led to the enactment of the Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904. This was the first law to promote cooperative institutions in India. It was later expanded by the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912, which broadened the scope beyond credit societies.

Institutional Strengthening

In 1915, the Maclagan Committee was appointed to examine whether cooperatives were functioning on sound economic and financial lines. Its recommendations helped improve governance and efficiency.

Decentralisation under Reforms

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms made cooperation a provincial subject, giving provinces greater authority to promote and regulate cooperatives.

Impact of Great Depression

After the 1929 economic depression, several committees were set up in provinces like Madras, Bombay, and Punjab to restructure cooperatives and address financial weaknesses.

Gandhian Philosophy

Mahatma Gandhi strongly supported cooperatives as a means to achieve economic equality and decentralisation of power. He viewed cooperation as a tool for empowering people and building a self-reliant society.

He also experimented with cooperative living through initiatives like the Phoenix Settlement and Tolstoy Farm in South Africa.

Evolution of Cooperatives in Post-Independence India

Planned Economic Development

The First Five-Year Plan (1951–56) emphasized the promotion of cooperatives as instruments of rural development and community participation.Cooperatives became central to agricultural credit, marketing, and rural development.

Legal and Institutional Framework

The Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002 enabled the formation and smooth functioning of cooperatives operating across multiple states.

Its amendment in 2022 introduced a Co-operative Election Authority to ensure transparent and fair elections.

State Cooperatives

Cooperatives operating within a single state are governed by respective State Cooperative Societies Acts under Entry 32 of the State List.

Multi-State Cooperatives

Cooperatives operating across states are governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002 under Entry 44 of the Union List.

Regulatory Authorities

• State cooperatives are regulated by the Registrar of Cooperative Societies at the state level.

• Multi-state cooperatives are regulated by the Central Registrar.

Banking Regulation

Cooperative banks are registered under cooperative laws but are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.

Rural Cooperative

The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development supervises and regulates rural cooperative banks, ensuring their proper functioning and financial health.

Constitutional Status

The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act gave constitutional recognition to cooperatives by:

• Making the right to form cooperative societies a fundamental right (Article 19)

• Introducing Article 43B as a Directive Principle promoting cooperatives

• Adding Part IX-B to regulate cooperative societies

Dedicated Ministry

In 2021, the Government established the Ministry of Cooperation to exclusively focus on cooperative development. Earlier, this responsibility was under the Ministry of Agriculture.

International Day of Cooperatives

The International Day of Cooperatives is celebrated every year on 6th July to highlight the role of cooperatives in economic and social development. The theme for 2024 is “Cooperatives Building a Better Future for All.”

This theme aligns with the vision of the UN Summit of the Future, which focuses on “Multilateral solutions for a better tomorrow.” It emphasizes how collective action and cooperation can address global challenges.

The 2023 UN Secretary-General’s Report on Cooperatives in Social Development recognized that cooperatives have consistently contributed to inclusive growth, especially by supporting marginalized and vulnerable communities.

Impact of Cooperatives

Empowering Marginalised Communities

The Amul dairy cooperative in Gujarat has over 3.6 million milk producers, many of whom are small and marginal farmers. It ensures fair prices for milk, promotes rural livelihoods, and empowers women by providing them with stable income opportunities.

Boosting Agricultural Productivity and Marketing

The Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited is one of the world’s largest fertilizer producers. It provides farmers with fertilizers, seeds, and credit at affordable rates, helping improve agricultural productivity and farm incomes.

Facilitating Access to Essential Services

The Kerala State Milk Marketing Federation ensures that milk procured from farmers is supplied to consumers at reasonable prices in Kerala.

Promoting Inclusive Growth and Job Creation

According to a report by NITI Aayog, sugar cooperatives in Maharashtra generate employment for over 5 lakh people, both directly and indirectly.

Legal Framework and Support for Cooperatives in India

Cooperative Societies Act

In India, cooperatives are governed by the Cooperative Societies Act, which is implemented at both the state and national levels. Since cooperatives are a state subject, individual states have their own laws, while the central framework ensures overall guidance.

Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002

The Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002 regulates cooperatives that operate across more than one state. It provides a legal framework for their registration, management, and functioning.

National Cooperative Policy (2002)

The National Cooperative Policy, 2002 aims to create an enabling environment for the growth of cooperatives. It focuses on improving:

• Governance

• Member participation

• Financial sustainability

National Cooperation Policy 2025

The proposed National Cooperation Policy 2025 aims to strengthen India’s cooperative movement by promoting economic democratization and uplifting rural economies through collective participation.

Government Initiatives to Strengthen Cooperatives

Umbrella Organization for UCBs

The Reserve Bank of India has approved the National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies Ltd. to set up an Umbrella Organization (UO) for Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs). This body will provide IT infrastructure and operational support to around 1,500 UCBs.

Ensuring Transparency and Sustainability

• Model Bye-Laws for PACS: Designed to make Primary Agricultural Credit Societies more multipurpose, transparent, and efficient.

• World’s Largest Decentralised Grain Storage Plan (2023): Aims to improve food storage infrastructure through cooperatives.

• Expansion of PACS: The government plans to ensure every panchayat has a PACS by 2029, aligned with Narendra Modi’s vision of “Sahkar se Samriddhi” (Prosperity through Cooperation).

Other Key Initiatives

• National Cooperative Database: Creation of an authentic and updated data repository for better policy-making.

• Financial Support: National Cooperative Development Corporation has issued ?2,000 crore bonds to support cooperative welfare.

• GeM Portal Inclusion: Cooperatives are now recognized as ‘buyers’ on the Government e-Marketplace, improving procurement efficiency.

• Expansion of NCDC: To enhance financial assistance and outreach.

• National Cooperative Organic Limited (NCOL): Established to promote organic farming and ensure fair prices for farmers.

• Bharat Organic Atta: Launched to promote cooperative-led organic products.

Challenges Faced by Cooperatives

Governance Challenges

Cooperatives often suffer from lack of transparency, accountability, and democratic decision-making. Limited participation of members, especially marginalized groups, and the concentration of power in a few individuals weaken their inclusive character.

Limited Access to Financial Resources

Many cooperatives, particularly those serving weaker sections, struggle to access finance. They often lack collateral and proper documentation required by formal institutions, making it difficult to secure loans.

Socio-economic Disparities and Exclusion

Cooperatives are sometimes affected by structural inequalities and lack of inclusivity. Marginalized communities may not get equal representation or benefits.

Infrastructural Constraints

Poor infrastructure and lack of connectivity limit the efficiency and outreach of cooperatives, especially in rural areas. This affects their ability to access markets and operate effectively.

Lack of Technical and Managerial Capacity

Many cooperatives lack trained personnel and professional management. Limited access to training and skill development results in outdated practices and inefficiencies.

Social and Cultural Factors

Lack of awareness about the cooperative model and its benefits discourages participation. Additionally, social hierarchies and caste-based divisions can create barriers to equal participation and representation.

Successful Cooperatives in India

Amul

Amul is a globally recognized dairy cooperative that played a key role in India’s White Revolution. It transformed rural livelihoods by ensuring fair prices to farmers and building a strong supply chain for milk and dairy products.

Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited

IFFCO is one of the largest fertilizer cooperatives in the world. It provides farmers with essential inputs like fertilizers at affordable prices, helping improve agricultural productivity and incomes.

Self-Employed Women's Association

SEWA is a pioneering cooperative movement that empowers women workers, especially in the informal sector, by providing them with livelihood opportunities, financial services, and social security.

About the ICA ( International Cooperative Alliance )Global Conference

The ICA Global Conference is organized by the International Cooperative Alliance, founded in 1895 to promote and unite cooperatives worldwide. It serves as a major global platform for discussing challenges, opportunities, and strategies for the cooperative sector.

Objectives of the Conference

• Strengthen the global cooperative movement through collaboration and sharing best practices

• Align cooperative initiatives with global goals like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

• Address emerging issues such as climate change, digital transformation, and economic inequality

Membership and Participation

The ICA represents over 315 cooperative organizations from more than 110 countries, covering sectors such as agriculture, banking, housing, and consumer services.

Participants include cooperative leaders, policymakers, academicians, and representatives from international organizations.

News Summary: ICA Global Cooperative Conference 2024

India hosted the ICA Global Cooperative Conference 2024 in New Delhi on November 25. The event was inaugurated by Narendra Modi, along with Bhutan’s Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay, and hosted by Amit Shah.

The five-day conference saw participation from around 3,000 delegates, including 1,000 international representatives from over 100 countries.

National Cooperation Policy (NCP) 2025

The National Cooperation Policy (NCP) 2025 provides a strategic roadmap to revitalize India’s cooperative sector and align it with the vision of becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047. It is rooted in the principle of “Sahkar se Samriddhi” (Prosperity through Cooperation), aiming to promote economic democratization and rural development through collective participation.India has a vast cooperative network with over 8.44 lakh cooperatives, including around 2 lakh credit cooperatives and 6 lakh non-credit cooperatives across sectors like dairy, housing, and fisheries.With more than 30 crore members, cooperatives play a crucial role in rural livelihoods, financial inclusion, and community development. Notably, India accounts for over one-fourth of the world’s cooperatives.

Six Mission Pillars of NCP 2025

1. Strengthening the Foundation

This pillar focuses on legal reforms, better governance, improved access to finance, and digitalization of cooperatives.

2. Promoting Vibrancy

It aims to create a dynamic cooperative ecosystem by expanding business opportunities, exports, and rural clusters.

3. Making Cooperatives Future-Ready

This includes technology integration, professional management, and development of a cooperative digital stack.

4. Promoting Inclusivity and Deepening Reach

The policy emphasizes inclusive development by expanding cooperatives as a people’s movement and ensuring participation from marginalized sections.

5. Entering New and Emerging Sectors

Cooperatives will be encouraged to enter sectors such as biogas, clean energy, warehousing, healthcare, and other sunrise industries.

6. Shaping the Young Generation

This pillar focuses on education, training programs, and employment opportunities to attract youth into the cooperative sector.

• The 2026 #KeepItOn report, titled “Rising Repression Meets Global Resistance: Internet Shutdowns in 2025”, highlighted a sharp rise in deliberate internet disruptions worldwide.

• Purpose of shutdowns: Suppress dissent, control narratives, restrict human rights, and consolidate state power.

Key Statistics:

• 313 internet shutdowns recorded across 52 countries in 2025 — the highest ever since tracking began.

• 75 shutdowns in 33 countries extended into 2026, indicating prolonged disconnections.

• At least one shutdown occurred daily worldwide throughout 2025.

• Seven countries imposed shutdowns for the first time: Albania, Angola, Cambodia, Lithuania, Panama, Papua New Guinea, and the United States of America.

Regional Trends

• Asia-Pacific: Highest concentration, with 195 shutdowns across 11 countries.

• Countries with most shutdowns:

  • Myanmar: 95 incidents, mainly by the military junta to suppress dissent and control information.

  • Pakistan: 20 shutdowns, mostly during protests or politically sensitive periods.

  • Afghanistan: 4 shutdowns under the Taliban, restricting access to education, employment, and services.

Shutdowns were often persistent, not isolated, and targeted civilians during political crises, conflicts, or humanitarian emergencies.

Triggers of Shutdowns

1. Conflict-related: 125 incidents.

2. Protests and political instability: 64 incidents.

3. Human rights violations: 70 incidents, including Sudan, Gaza, and Iran.

Internet Shutdowns in India

• Total shutdowns in 2025: 65, second highest globally after Myanmar.

• Affected regions: 12 states and territories.

• Causes: Protests, communal violence, conflicts, religious holidays.

• Trend over the decade: Fluctuating but consistently high; from 30 in 2016 to a peak of 134 in 2018.

Legal Provisions for Internet Shutdowns in India

Telecommunications Rules, 2024

Internet shutdowns in India are governed by the Telecommunications (Temporary Suspension of Services) Rules, 2024, which have been issued under the Telecommunications Act, 2023. These rules replaced the earlier Telecom Suspension Rules, 2017 and provide a framework for suspending telecom services, including internet access.

Authority to Issue Shutdown Orders

The authority to impose internet shutdowns lies with:

• The Union Home Secretary for national-level shutdowns.

• The State Home Secretary for state-level shutdowns.

In emergency situations, a Joint Secretary-level officer may issue such an order. However, this order must be approved within 24 hours, failing which it becomes invalid.

Suspension duration cannot exceed 15 days.

Section 163 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita empowers magistrates to issue orders to maintain public order.

Judicial Safeguards

In the landmark case of Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India, the Supreme Court of India ruled that:

• Indefinite internet shutdowns are unconstitutional.

• Restrictions must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality.

Despite this, many shutdown orders lack proper documentation and justification.

Concerns Regarding Internet Shutdowns

Violation of Fundamental Rights

Internet shutdowns restrict freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 and affect the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21, which includes access to the internet.

Lack of Oversight and Accountability

The Telecommunications Act, 2023 retains provisions similar to the colonial-era Telegraph Act, 1885. There is a lack of independent oversight mechanisms, which may lead to arbitrary or excessive use of shutdown powers.

Economic and Social Disruptions

Internet shutdowns cause significant economic losses, with India losing about USD 255.2 million in 2023. They disrupt:

• Businesses and digital services

• Education and online learning

• Communication and daily livelihoods

Impact on Democratic Processes

Shutdowns restrict press freedom, access to information, and public participation. In protest situations, they prevent citizens from expressing dissent and engaging in democratic activities.

Impact on Governance and Digital Growth

Frequent shutdowns contradict India’s vision of becoming a leader in digital governance, Artificial Intelligence, and technological innovation. They affect initiatives like Digital India and e-governance.

Arguments in Favour of Internet Shutdowns

National Security

The government uses internet shutdowns as a temporary and targeted measure to address security threats, prevent the spread of misinformation, and stop coordination of unlawful activities.

Temporary and Targeted Measures

Authorities argue that such shutdowns are short-term interventions aimed at handling specific emergencies, rather than restricting long-term internet access.

Preventing Unrest and Violence

Suspending internet services can help prevent the organization of protests, riots, or violent activities, especially in sensitive areas.

Countering Fake News and Disinformation

During crises, misinformation can spread rapidly through digital platforms. Internet shutdowns are used to limit the circulation of fake news and inflammatory content.

Arguments Against Internet Shutdowns

Impact on Freedom of Expression

Internet shutdowns restrict the freedom of speech and expression, which is a fundamental right under the Constitution.

Human Rights Concerns

Shutdowns affect several rights, including:

• Right to access information

• Freedom of speech

• Right to peaceful assembly

Economic Disruptions

India’s growing digital economy suffers due to shutdowns, leading to loss of business, productivity, and income.

Impact on Education

With the increasing reliance on online learning, shutdowns disrupt students’ access to educational resources and platforms.

Global Image and Investment

Frequent internet shutdowns can harm India’s global reputation and create uncertainty among investors and international partners.

Conclusion

Internet shutdowns may be justified in exceptional situations of public emergency, particularly for maintaining security and order. However, their frequent and non-transparent use raises concerns regarding fundamental rights, economic development, and democratic governance.

A balanced approach is necessary, involving strong legal safeguards, transparency, accountability, and proportional use, to ensure that internet shutdowns remain rare, justified, and constitutionally valid.

Following the launch of Operation Epic Fury (U.S.) and Operation Roaring Lion (Israel), the geopolitical landscape has shifted fundamentally with the confirmed death of Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.Iran retaliated through Operation True Promise 4, launching missile attacks against Israel and nearby Gulf states. The escalation comes despite recent progress in US–Iran nuclear talks, raising fears of a wider West Asian conflict with significant global implications.

Reason for Attack

Strategic Motivations for the Attack

• Nuclear Threats: The primary reason for the 2026 strikes was Iran’s continuing nuclear ambitions. Despite the 2025 strikes, Iran still possessed the capacity to develop nuclear weapons, which the US and Israel considered unacceptable.

• Missile and Drone Arsenal: Iran’s large stockpiles of ballistic missiles and kamikaze drones posed a direct threat to US forces in the Gulf and regional allies.

• Shift from Deterrence to Decapitation: Unlike earlier operations focused on deterrence, the February 2026 strikes aimed at decapitating Iran’s leadership, reportedly killing Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. The goal was to weaken the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Iran’s highly centralized military power.

Political and Domestic Drivers

• US Domestic Pressure: American policymakers faced political pressure to take decisive action against Iran’s nuclear and regional ambitions.

• Regime Change Ambitions: The removal of Khamenei was calculated to potentially fracture Iran’s leadership, creating an opportunity for internal destabilization or regime change.

• Deterrence and Credibility: The US sought to demonstrate that any aggressive behavior by Iran would be met with a strong military response, reaffirming its deterrence posture in the Middle East.

Historical Background

• 1979 Iranian Revolution: Before 1979, Iran and Israel were strategic allies. The revolution severed ties, and the new Islamic Republic adopted a strongly anti-Western and anti-Israel ideology, branding the US the “Great Satan” and Israel the “Little Satan.”

• Nuclear Program Discovery: In the early 2000s, Iran’s secret nuclear program was revealed, escalating tensions with the West.

• JCPOA Agreement (2015): The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action aimed to curb Iran’s nuclear development in exchange for sanctions relief.

• US Withdrawal (2018): The US withdrew from the JCPOA, arguing that it ignored Iran’s ballistic missile program and funding of regional proxies. In response, Iran increased uranium enrichment, moving closer to weapons-grade capability.

Regional Dynamics

• Axis of Resistance: Iran built a network of proxies, including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Gaza, and Houthis in Yemen, to counter US and Israeli influence.

• Collapse of Regional Buffers (2023–24): Following Israel’s campaigns against Hamas and Hezbollah and the fall of Bashar al-Assad in Syria, Iran lost key regional allies and strategic buffers, increasing its vulnerability.

Military Operations Leading to 2026

• Operation Midnight Hammer (June 2025): Israel launched pre-emptive strikes on Iran’s nuclear sites at Natanz and Isfahan, with the US later joining using B-2 bombers and bunker-buster bombs at Fordow.

• Limitations of 2025 Strikes: While the strikes caused severe damage, they did not fully eliminate Iran’s nuclear capabilities.

• February 2026 Strikes: Aimed at decapitating Iran’s leadership and disabling strategic military and nuclear assets, marking a shift from deterrence to direct regime-targeted military action.

Key Actor Associated with the war

State Actors

United States & Israel

• Both nations aim to dismantle Iran’s nuclear capabilities and weaken its regional proxy networks, reshaping the balance of power in the Middle East.

• The US additionally seeks to encourage the Iranian people to challenge and potentially topple the regime.

• Israel focuses on protecting its national security by countering Iranian influence in the region, particularly in Lebanon, Gaza, and Syria.

Iran

• Iran’s primary goal is regime survival while using its regional network of proxies to project power and deter further attacks.

• Its strategy aims to raise the costs of war for the US and its allies by spreading the conflict regionally, creating fear of a broader Middle Eastern war.

• Iran leverages this to pressure international actors to intervene and halt the US–Israel military campaign.

GCC Nations (Persian Gulf States)

• Countries including UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman are geographically caught between Iran and the US–Israel coalition.

• Many host major US military bases:

  • Al Udeid Air Base – Qatar

  • Naval Support Activity Bahrain – Bahrain, headquarters of the US Fifth Fleet

  • Al Dhafra Air Base – UAE

  • Duqm Port facilities – Oman

• Iran has targeted economic and civilian infrastructure in these nations, including airports, oil facilities, and embassies, to pressure the global economy and compel international intervention against US–Israel operations.

Non-State Actors (The “Axis of Resistance”)

Hezbollah (Lebanon)

• A key Iranian ally, Hezbollah is actively engaged against Israel, coordinating with Iran in a two-front conflict.

• It operates primarily along Israel’s northern border.

Houthis (Yemen)

• Aligned with Iran and the broader Axis of Resistance.

• Use their strategic location to attack commercial shipping in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, disrupting global trade and applying economic pressure on the US and Israel.

Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF – Iraq)

• Operate from Iraq and Syrian territories to launch strikes in solidarity with Iran against US and Israeli targets.

Kurdish Militias

• Some Kurdish groups receive US and Israeli support as potential allies against Iran.

• The Kurds are the largest stateless ethnic group, numbering 25–35 million, spread across Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran, and parts of Armenia.

• They predominantly inhabit mountainous regions and remain minorities in each country.

• Their military effectiveness and local knowledge make them strategic partners for US and Israeli operations in the region.

Places Associated with Wars

Strait of Hormuz

• The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow maritime chokepoint, 55–95 km wide, situated between Iran to the north and Oman and the UAE to the south.

• It connects the oil-rich Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea, serving as the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.

• Around 20% of global crude oil and 20–30% of LNG shipments pass through this strait, making it strategically critical.

Persian Gulf

• The Persian Gulf is a marginal sea of the Indian Ocean in West Asia, extending from the Gulf of Oman.

• It is bordered by Iran, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Iraq.

• Key connections: Shatt al-Arab delta, where the Euphrates and Tigris rivers flow into the Gulf.

• The Gulf has a coastline of approximately 5,117 km, with Iran having the longest stretch.

• Home to some of the world’s largest crude oil reserves, including the Al-Safaniya Oil Field, the largest offshore oil field in the world.

Gulf of Oman

• Also called the Gulf of Makran, it forms the main maritime gateway to the Persian Gulf from the Indian Ocean.

• Bordered by Iran and Pakistan to the north, Oman to the south, and the UAE to the west.

• Important ports: Sohar, Al Khaburah, Muscat, Sur (Oman), and Jask, Chabahar (Iran).

Red Sea

• The Red Sea is a seawater inlet between Africa and Asia, bordered by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti.

• Connects to the Indian Ocean via the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden.

• In the north, it splits around the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez, leading to the Suez Canal.

• Geologically, it is part of the Great Rift Valley (Afro-Arabian Rift system).

Mediterranean Sea

• The Mediterranean Sea borders Europe (north), Asia (east), and Africa (south).

• Connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar, to the Black Sea via the Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, and Bosporus, and to the Red Sea via the Suez Canal.

• About 22 countries and one territory (Gibraltar) border the sea, including Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Cyprus.

Indian Ocean

• The Indian Ocean is a key maritime region where India is strengthening its naval posture to protect Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) and maritime trade routes.

• Recent conflict events include a US submarine sinking the Iranian frigate IRIS Dena, about 40 nautical miles off Sri Lanka’s southern coast near Galle, highlighting the expansion of the US-Israel-Iran conflict into the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

The Iranian Plateau

Tehran and Karaj

• Tehran, the capital of Iran, along with its adjacent suburb Karaj, has been a primary target due to strategic leadership compounds and military command centers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).

Isfahan and Natanz

• Located in central Iran, Isfahan hosts major airbases and missile production facilities.

• Natanz is a heavily fortified underground facility central to Iran’s uranium enrichment program, making it a key target for strikes aimed at nuclear capabilities.

Bandar Imam Khomeini and Abadan

• Situated in the oil-rich Khuzestan province near the Persian Gulf, these cities contain critical petrochemical complexes and refineries that support Iran’s export economy.

Shahroud Space Center

• Located in Semnan Province, this facility is pivotal for the production and testing of ballistic missiles, making it a strategic military target.

The Levant

Lebanon

Beirut

• The capital of Lebanon, particularly its southern suburbs, serves as the primary stronghold and command center for Hezbollah.

Litani River

• Flows southwards between the Mount Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountain ranges before turning west into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre.

• Acts as a critical geographical boundary, monitored under UN Security Council Resolution 1701 to ensure that no armed personnel operate between the Blue Line (Israel border) and the river, except Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL.

Israel

Haifa

• A major deep-water port and industrial hub, frequently targeted due to its strategic naval base and proximity to Lebanon.

Tel Aviv

• Located on the central Israeli coastal plain, Tel Aviv is Israel’s technological and financial capital, serving as the primary economic engine.

Ashkelon

• Situated north of the Gaza Strip, Ashkelon is heavily fortified but remains within range of short-range projectiles, making it a frequent target.

Dimona

• Location of Israel’s nuclear facility, which Iran threatens in retaliation for any attempts to topple its regime.

• Geographical Alignment: Haifa, Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon are major coastal cities along the Levantine Basin of the Mediterranean Sea.

The Golan Heights (Syria)

• A strategic basaltic plateau in southwestern Syria providing a commanding view over the Jordan Rift Valley and northern Israel to the west, and Damascus to the east.

• Boundaries:

  • North: Mount Hermon (border with Lebanon)

  • South: Yarmouk River (border with Jordan)

  • West: Jordan River and Sea of Galilee

  • East: Wadi al-Ruqqad

• Historical Context: Captured by Israel in 1967, with failed Syrian attempts to recapture it in 1973. Israel annexed the territory in 1981 (recognized by the US in 2019), while a UN-monitored demilitarized zone still separates Israeli and Syrian forces.

Jordan

• Intercepts Iranian ballistic missiles and drones targeting the region.

• Positioned between Israel and Iran/Iraq, Jordan’s priority is territorial defense and preventing its airspace from becoming a theatre of war.

Cyprus

• The island has faced strikes, likely from Iran or Hezbollah, given its strategic location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa in the northeast Mediterranean Sea.

Global Implications

Threat to Global Energy Security

• The war significantly impacts the Strait of Hormuz, a strategic chokepoint that handles approximately 20 million barrels of crude oil daily (around 20% of global consumption) and 20–30% of global LNG shipments.

• Any blockade, mining, or attack on the strait by Iran could paralyze global energy markets, potentially causing crude oil prices to spike dramatically.

Geopolitical Polarization

• The conflict risks drawing in major global powers:

  • Russia and China may deepen their strategic ties with Iran.

  • The US strengthens alignment with Western and Arab allies.

• This further polarizes the global order, increasing tension in international diplomacy.

Disruption of Global Supply Chains

• The militarization of West Asian skies and waters disrupts trade routes connecting Asia to Europe, increasing freight and insurance costs globally.

Commodity and Market Volatility

• With traders suspending energy shipments, the conflict has added a “war premium” to global markets.

• Gold prices have surged as investors seek safety.

• Stock markets in Dubai and Abu Dhabi have halted trading due to uncertainty.

Implications for India

Energy Security and Economy

• India is the world’s third-largest crude oil consumer, importing 85–88% of its needs.

• Around 2.5–2.7 million barrels/day from Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait pass through the Strait of Hormuz.

• 80–85% of LPG and nearly 60% of LNG imports also transit via Hormuz.

• While India’s immediate crude oil needs are covered due to strategic petroleum reserves and diversified sources, it lacks large reserves for LPG and LNG, making these supplies vulnerable to disruption.

• Prolonged Hormuz disruptions could push oil prices above USD 100 per barrel, increasing India’s import bill, widening the current account deficit, and fueling inflation.

Safety of the Indian Diaspora

• Nearly 9 million Indians reside in West Asia, contributing significantly to remittances.

• Protecting their safety is a priority, and the government may need large-scale evacuation operations, similar to Operation Rahat or Operation Ajay, if the conflict escalates further.

Diplomatic Tightrope

• India faces a complex balancing act:

  • Strategic partnership with the US and Israel

  • Historical, energy, and connectivity ties with Iran

• Taking a partisan stance risks alienating key partners. India’s approach emphasizes peace advocacy and condemnation of civilian casualties without harming strategic relationships.

Disruption of Connectivity Corridors

• Militarization of the Gulf threatens India’s strategic connectivity initiatives:

  • Operations at Chabahar Port (Iran) are jeopardized.

  • The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) faces existential threats due to damage to Arabian Peninsula port infrastructure.

Overview of West Asia

• West Asia, also commonly referred to as the Middle East, is a subregion of Asia.

• Geographical Borders:

  • West: Europe

  • North: Central Asia

  • East: South Asia

  • South: Africa and the Arabian Sea

• Countries Included: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Iran, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.

Strategic Importance of West Asia

Energy Resources

• West Asia holds vast reserves of oil and natural gas, making it critical to global energy security.

• The region’s energy resources influence global oil prices, energy trade routes, and economic stability worldwide.

Maritime Chokepoints

• The region contains several key maritime chokepoints that are vital for international trade and energy transportation:

  • Strait of Hormuz: Links the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea; a major route for crude oil and LNG exports.

  • Bab el-Mandeb Strait: Connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean, essential for global shipping.

  • Suez Canal: Connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, serving as a critical corridor for trade between Europe and Asia.

Religious Significance

• West Asia is home to Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina, which hold immense religious importance for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

• Religious sites often influence regional politics and global diplomatic strategies.

Geo-Strategic Location

• The region connects Asia, Africa, and Europe, giving it high strategic value in terms of trade, military positioning, and international connectivity.

• Its location makes it a hub for global maritime and land trade routes.

Involvement of Major External Powers

• Global powers such as the United States, Russia, and China have significant stakes in West Asia.

• Their involvement is driven by energy interests, security concerns, and regional alliances, intensifying geopolitical competition.

Current Regional Dynamics

• West Asia is undergoing a structural transformation characterized by:

  • Power realignments among regional states

  • Proxy wars involving local and external actors

  • Strategic competition over energy, trade routes, and regional influence

• These dynamics make West Asia a highly volatile and strategically critical region.

Measures India Can Take to Mitigate the Impact of the US-Israel-Iran Conflict

1. Activation of Strategic Buffers

• India should utilize Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) to insulate domestic markets from immediate price shocks caused by disruptions in Gulf oil supplies.

• Aggressively pursue alternative LPG and LNG procurement from non-Gulf nations such as the United States and Australia to reduce dependency on conflict-affected regions.

2. Evacuation Contingency Readiness

• Develop evacuation Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) with the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the Indian Navy to ensure safe corridors for evacuating the Indian diaspora.

• Keep the Indian Air Force and Air India on standby for large-scale airlifts, similar to Operation Ganga (Ukraine).

• Strengthen the Indian Navy’s presence in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman, expanding missions like Operation Sankalp to protect Indian merchant vessels near conflict zones.

3. Strategic Autonomy in Diplomacy

• India must navigate a diplomatic tightrope:

  • Maintain strong relations with Washington and Tel Aviv.

  • Engage in back-channel diplomacy with Tehran and Muscat (Oman) to secure safe passage for Indian vessels and advocate for the de-militarization of commercial shipping lanes.

4. Subsidies and Tax Interventions

• To shield citizens from the global “war premium” on fuel:

  • Central and state governments may need to reduce excise duties and Value Added Tax (VAT) on petrol and diesel.

• This approach helps absorb shocks in domestic fuel pricing and prevent widespread economic strain.

5. Advocating for De-escalation at the UN

• India should consistently voice its stance that “this is not an era of war.”

• While condemning civilian casualties, India must avoid a zero-sum or partisan position that could alienate either the US-Israel bloc or Iran.

• Focus efforts on restoring dialogue and ensuring the resumption of global supply chains.

About Iran

Iran, officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a major country in West Asia (Middle East). It has a long and rich civilizational history, tracing back to the ancient Persian Empire, one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations. Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran has functioned as an Islamic Republic, combining republican institutions with clerical authority. In this system, the Supreme Leader holds the ultimate power over political, military, and religious affairs.Iran is strategically located in Southwestern Asia, connecting Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East. Its position gives it control over key maritime routes in the Persian Gulf, which are crucial for global oil and gas transportation. The capital of Iran is Tehran, which serves as the country’s political, economic, and cultural hub. It is home to the main government institutions and military command centers.Iran shares land borders with Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, and Iraq. It also has coastlines along the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Gulf of Oman, which are vital for maritime trade, energy exports, and naval strategy.Iran possesses some of the world’s largest oil and natural gas reserves, making it central to global energy security. Its geographical location allows it to influence maritime trade routes and regional security dynamics. Additionally, Iran projects power across the Middle East through its network of allied proxy groups, collectively known as the “Axis of Resistance.”

Conclusion

• The 2026 West Asian escalation exposes India’s vulnerability in energy security and diaspora safety.

• By maintaining strategic autonomy, protecting its citizens, and acting as a stabilizing, non-partisan voice for peace, India can:

  • Safeguard its economic and strategic interests

  • Strengthen its global credibility as a Vishwa Bandhu (global friend)

  • Promote the message that the world must prioritize dialogue over war