Fiscal Prudence – FISCAL DEFICIT

What is the need for fiscal prudence?

• Stable fiscal policy- It helps to maintain fiscal sustainability and macroeconomic stability as well as promotes economic growth and social welfare.
• Safety net- It can help avoid fiscal crises, reduce public debt and improve the quality of public spending.
• Effective resource mobilization- The government should not spend more than it earns, and should use its resources efficiently and effectively to promote the economic and social well-being of its citizens.
• Future recovery plan- The government should also plan for the future and be prepared for any shocks or uncertainties that may affect its fiscal position.
• Long term goals- It involves making sound decisions regarding revenue generation, expenditure allocation and debt management.
• Realistic strategy- The government should have a clear strategy for raising revenues such as taxes, fees or grants and for allocating expenditures such as public goods, services or transfers according to its priorities and needs.
• Balanced fiscal deficit- It will indicate that the government is living within its means and not relying too much on borrowing.
• Low debt-GDP ratio- It indicates that the government’s debt is manageable and not crowding out private investments or consumption.
• Quality of expenditure- A high quality indicates that the government is getting value for money and delivering results for its citizens.

India achieved fiscal prudence by enacting the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act in 2003, which set targets for reducing its fiscal deficit and debt-GDP ratio.

What is the picture of Indian economy with respect to fiscal prudence?

• Fiscal deficit - Fiscal deficit target is at 5.9% for 2024 and aims to reduce it to 4.5% by 2026.
• This is still higher than the 3% target specified in the FRBM Act, 2013.
• Debt-GDP ratio- NK Singh Committee recommended a debt-GDP ratio of 60% to be achieved by 2023, but the current ratio is about 81%.
• This indicates high level of public debt and low revenues.
• Cost of debt servicing- India spends about 5.5% of its GDP on servicing public debt which is more than the combined spending on health and education.
• Investment- Most of the debt is financed by household savings which curtails private investment.
• Expenditure profile- Majority of the government spending is on interest payments, subsidies and pensions which leaves little room for fiscal policy flexibility.
• The government has increased its capital expenditure from 12% to 22% of the total expenditure which is considered to be productive and growth-enhancing spending.
• Revenue- Tax collection especially GST has been increasing over the years, still tax buoyancy is low.

India’s subsidies as a % of GDP were 1.4% in 2020, which was higher than the global average of 0.9%

What lies ahead?

• Tax reforms- Utilise technologies like Artificial Intelligence- Machine Learning to widen the tax base and ensure compliance.
• Rationalise GST slabs- This can be done to simplify the tax system and reduce tax exemptions and rates to improve the tax efficiency.
• Revisit expenditure composition- As per Economic Survey 2020-21, the quality of expenditure can be improved by rationalising subsidies, increasing capital expenditure, and adopting outcome-based budgeting.
• Sectoral reforms- The government has to initiate sectoral reforms, especially in the power and informal sectors, to improve the efficiency and performance of these sectors.
• Formalisation- As per World Bank, the informal sector reforms include enhancing access to finance, social protection and digital platforms.