At the 60th All India Conference of Director Generals/Inspector Generals of Police in Raipur, held under the theme ‘Viksit Bharat: Security Dimensions’, the Prime Minister emphasized the urgent need to improve public perception of the police by enhancing their professionalism, sensitivity, and responsiveness.

Need for Police Reforms in India

Police reforms are essential to create a force that is professional, accountable, and people-centric, capable of meeting the complex security and justice needs of a modern democracy. Reforms are necessary to address structural, political, operational, and trust-related challenges facing Indian policing.

1. Political and Structural Inertia

Structural Stagnation

Many states still operate under frameworks derived from the Police Act, 1861, a colonial-era law. This restricts flexibility and undermines the democratic policing model.

Non-Compliance with Court Directives

Despite Supreme Court directives in the Prakash Singh case (2006), no state has fully implemented the creation of independent police boards or fixed-tenure systems.

Political Pressure

Political influence over postings and transfers forces officers to prioritize political interests over the rule of law. According to the Status of Policing in India Report (SPIR) 2019, 72% of personnel reported political pressure in cases involving influential persons.

Weak Oversight

Inadequate complaint mechanisms render public grievance redressal ineffective. About 30% of functional State Police Complaints Authorities (SPCAs) lack a judicial member (IJR 2022).

2. Workforce and Capacity Crisis

Excessive Workload

Police personnel face excessive duty hours and inconsistent weekly rest, impairing performance. The average workday is 14 hours (SPIR 2019).

Promotion Stagnation

Limited promotion opportunities reduce motivation. Constables form 86% of the workforce, yet most retire with only one promotion after 30 years.

Training Deficit

Outdated training fails to prepare officers for modern forensics, cybercrime investigation, and human-rights compliance. 64% of personnel have received no in-service training in the last five years (IJR 2022).

3. Diversity and Trust Deficit

Gender Gap

Low female participation restricts gender-sensitive policing. Women constitute only 12% of the police force, far below the 33% target.

Minority Underrepresentation

Weak minority representation in higher ranks reduces perceived neutrality. Although Muslims form 14% of the population, they constitute only 3–4% of the police force.

Public Trust Deficit

Fear of police aggression discourages crime reporting and community cooperation. A CSDS Survey reports that 14% of citizens are highly fearful of the police.

4. Human Rights and Infrastructure Issues

Custodial Violence

The absence of an anti-torture law allows “third-degree” methods to continue unchecked. India signed the UN Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) in 1997 but has yet to ratify it.

Infrastructure Deficit

Many police stations lack basic amenities. In 2020, 257 stations had no vehicles, and 638 had no telephones, reducing operational efficiency and public access.

Modernisation Lag

Underutilisation of the Police Modernisation Fund (MPF) leaves forces under-equipped in weapons, vehicles, and technology. Approximately 30–40% of the fund remains unspent annually (IJR 2022).

5. Supreme Court Directives: Prakash Singh Case (2006)

Tenure Protection

• Minimum two-year tenure for DGPs, IGs, SPs, and SHOs.

• Temporary or acting DGP appointments prohibited.

Transfer Insulation

• All postings, transfers, promotions, and service matters should be handled by Police Establishment Boards (PEBs).

Accountability Mechanisms

• Establish State Police Complaints Authorities (SPCAs) for public grievance redressal.

• Constitute State Security Commissions (SSC) to prevent political interference.

Functional Separation

• Separate investigation from law-and-order duties.

• Constitute a National Security Commission to oversee central police chiefs.

6. Consequences of Functional Overload

• Poor Investigations: Overloaded officers lead to weak charge sheets; India’s IPC conviction rate is 57% (NCRB 2022).

• Public Distrust: Slow response and inadequate patrolling reduce citizen confidence; 14% of citizens are highly fearful (CSDS Survey).

• Officer Fatigue: Long workdays cause burnout, affecting professionalism and decision-making (SPIR).

• Rights Violations: Pressure and fatigue increase custodial violence and harassment incidents (NHRC).

• Community Neglect: VIP duties reduce engagement in core policing and women help desks, weakening preventive policing.

Key Committees, Commissions, and Judgments on Police Reforms

Reforms Needed to Improve Policing Effectiveness

1. Full Implementation of Court Directives

   • Enforce Supreme Court’s 7 directives (2006), including independent State Security Commissions with majority non-political members.

   • Establish Police Complaints Authorities (PCA) at state and district levels with statutory investigative powers.

2. Strengthen Internal Accountability

   • Empower Police Establishment Boards for transfers/postings.

   • Introduce performance audits based on public satisfaction, crime prevention, and investigation quality rather than crime rates alone.

3. Functional Specialization

   • Separate Investigation from Law & Order in all police stations.

   • Upgrade cybercrime units and forensic labs nationwide.

   • Implement a nationwide NATGRID to integrate security agencies’ databases for counter-terrorism.

4. Institutionalize Community Policing

   • Establish structured police-public partnerships for intelligence, problem-solving, and trust-building.

   • Adopt a Police-as-Service model with Citizens’ Charters and social media-based grievance redressal.

5. Address New-Age Challenges

   • Create specialized units for financial fraud, cyberterrorism, organized crime, and narcotics.

   • Ensure inter-agency data-sharing and joint operations among state police, central agencies, and intelligence bureaus.

Conclusion

Police reform in India requires moving beyond colonial structures. Full implementation of Supreme Court directives, functional autonomy, technological modernization, and community-oriented service are essential.

Police Reforms in India

Part of: GS-II- Governance (PT-MAINS-PERSONALITY TEST)

India’s existing police system suffers a series of deficiencies from problems relating to a police organization, environment, infrastructure, and understaffing, to obsolete weaponry and intelligence gathering techniques to a shortage of manpower to corruption, the police force in the country is not in a good shape.

‘Assistance to States for Modernisation of Police

• ‘Police’ and ‘Public Order are State subjects under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. However, the Government of India supplements the efforts of the State Governments towards equipping and modernizing their police forces, by providing financial assistance under the scheme of ‘Assistance to States for Modernisation of Police’ [erstwhile scheme of Modernisation of Police Forces (MPF)].
• Under this scheme, the States have been provided central assistance for the acquisition of advanced weaponry such as
  1. INSAS Rifles & AK series rifles;
  2. all types of intelligence equipment including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Night Vision Devices (NVDs), CCTV Surveillance systems & body-worn camera systems;
  3. modern communication equipment and state-of-the-art equipment for security / training / forensics / cybercrime / traffic policing.
• Further, ‘construction’ and ‘purchase of operational vehicles’ are permitted in the insurgency affected north-eastern States and Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected districts.
• The State Governments are free to include proposals in accordance with their strategic priorities and requirements.

Underreporting of crime in India

• An expert committee under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has noted that there is significant under-reporting of crimes under the NCRB. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) under the Ministry of Home Affairs' annual report called Crime in India, records crime on the basis of the FIRs registered in the police stations across the country.
• There could be suppression of data and low registration of crimes because the police know that their work is judged on the basis of this information.
• Sometimes victims of crime may decide against reporting the incident to the police because they are afraid to approach the police, or think the crime is not serious enough, etc.

Major Deficiencies

• Understaffed and overburdened police force: The police-population ratio, currently 192 policemen per lakh population, is less than what is recommended by UN i.e. 222 policemen per lakh population. There are only 144 police officers for every 100,000 citizens (the commonly used measure of police strength), making India’s police force one of the weakest in the world.
• Policing in India is a state subject which means there is significant variation across states. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal’s police forces are all extremely understaffed with less than 100 police staff for 100,000 population. The only states with police forces that meet the global standard are the insurgency-affected states in the North-East and Punjab. Even as states have increased the sanctioned strength of their police forces, their populations have increased by even more -especially in states such as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• Understaffing in turn results into overburdening of work that not only reduces the effectiveness and efficiency of the police personnel (leading to poor quality of investigation) but also leads to psychological distress (which has been held responsible for various crimes committed by the policemen) and contributes to Pendency of cases.
• As a result of the overburdening of work, Police personnel discharges a range of functions related to:
  1. Crime prevention and response (e.g., intelligence collection, patrolling, investigation, production of witnesses in courts)
  2. Maintenance of internal security and law and order (e.g., crowd control, riot control, anti-terrorist or anti-extremist operations)
  3. Various miscellaneous duties (e.g., traffic management, disaster rescue and removal of encroachments).

An overburdened police force: A high percentage of vacancies within the police forces exacerbate an existing problem of overburdened police personnel.

• 86% of the state police comprises of the constabulary.
• Crime per lakh population has increased by 28% over the last decade (2005-2015). However, convictions have been low.
• In 2015, convictions were secured in 47% of the cases registered under the Indian Penal Code, 1860. The Law Commission has observed that one of the reasons behind this is the poor quality of investigations.

• Pendency: 30% of all cases filed in 2016 were pending for investigation by the end of the year (this combined with the pendency in the judiciary means securing justice in India can take a very long time). Pendency in the police is driven by lack of resources.
• Decreased Expenditure on police in recent years is adding to the resource crunch. Between fiscal 2011 and 2015, states spent 4.4% of their budgeted expenditure on policing on average but this has reduced to 4% over the last four years. According to PRS Legislative Research, an under-resourced, overburdened police force means that both core police activities (enforcing daily law and order) and more long-term criminal investigations are compromised.
• Police accountability: As per the police laws, both the Central and State police forces come under the superintendence and control of political executives. Police priorities are frequently altered based on the will of political executives. In this context, the Second Administrative Reforms Commission in 2007 had noted that politicians were unduly influencing police personnel to serve personal or political interests.
• Police-Public Relations, which is an important concern in effective policing is suffering from a great trust deficit. 2018 survey across 22 states on perceptions about policing, found that less than 25% of Indians trust the police highly (as compared to 54% for the army) and the reason for the distrust is that interactions with the police can be frustrating, and time-consuming and costly.
• The Second Administrative Reforms Commission has noted that police-public relations are in an unsatisfactory state because people view the police as corrupt, inefficient, politically partisan and unresponsive.
• Criminalization of Politics: improper implementation of police reforms could be attributed to lack of political will, which in turn could be linked to the growing criminalization of politics. A large number of lawmakers in the Parliament with serious criminal charges imply little incentive to professionalize the police force. In each successive Lok Sabha election over the past twenty years, the proportion of candidates with serious criminal charges is rising. Low police salaries increase the vulnerability of police personnel to form a deep nexus with criminals and politicians.

Way Forward

• SMART Police: Police reforms are needed on three fronts:
  • Improvement in capacity and infrastructure of police forces.
  • Revisiting the constitution of police forces in the country through legislative/ administrative changes.
  • Technological scaling-up.
• Independent Complaints Authority: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission and the Supreme Court have observed that there is a need to have an independent complaints authority to inquire into cases of police misconduct. This may be because the political executive and internal police oversight mechanisms may favour law enforcement authorities, and not be able to form an independent and critical judgment.
• Community Policing Model can help in reducing the trust deficit between police and public as it requires the police to work with the community for prevention and detection of crime, maintenance of public order, and resolving local conflicts, with the objective of providing a better quality of life and sense of security.
• Various states have been experimenting with community policing including Kerala through ‘Janamaithri Suraksha Project’, Rajasthan through ‘Joint Patrolling Committees’, Assam through ‘Meira Paibi’, Tamil Nadu through ‘Friends of Police’, West Bengal through the ‘Community Policing Project’, Andhra Pradesh through ‘Maithri’ and Maharashtra through ‘Mohalla Committees’.
• Binding powers must be conferred on State Security Commissions and the Police Establishment Boards as many of these Commissions did not have the power to issue binding recommendations.
• Constitute Police Complaints Authorities at the state and district levels to inquire into allegations of serious misconduct and abuse of power by police personnel.
• The CAG and the Bureau Of Police Research And Development (BPRD) have noted that modern policing requires strong communication support, state-of-art or modern weapons, and a high degree of mobility.
• Proper utilization of centre and state funds allocated for modernisation of state police forces as these funds are typically used for strengthening police infrastructure, by way of construction of police stations, purchase of weaponry, communication equipment and vehicles.
• Internal security is very much a prerogative of police and efficient policing is needed in order to tackle threats arising in the form of cyber-attacks, bank frauds, and organized crimes, which need to be tackled in a more specialized manner but for that, the police system needs to be efficient, effective and technologically sound.