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India has recently stepped up efforts to position itself as a global AI infrastructure hub by inviting international technology companies to establish large AI-focused data centres in the country. This move is aligned with India’s broader push toward digital transformation and technological leadership. About AI Data Centres AI data centres are advanced digital infrastructure facilities that support artificial intelligence workloads, including machine learning, cloud computing, and big data analytics. They differ significantly from conventional data centres in several ways: High-density computing: AI systems use powerful GPUs and TPUs, requiring intensive energy and advanced cooling systems. Continuous operations: These centres run…
20 March, 2026
Computers and IT
In the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly in relation to Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-5 and Claude, the concept of a context window has gained significant attention. The context window refers to the maximum amount of text a model can consider at one time while generating a response. It determines how much information the model can “remember” during a conversation or while processing a document. What is a Context Window? The context window of an AI model measures how much information it can retain temporarily, functioning similarly to human short-term memory. AI models do not read words…
14 February, 2026
Computers and IT
The Government of India is preparing to roll out Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication technology by the end of 2026. This initiative is aimed at strengthening road safety, reducing accidents, and enhancing intelligent transportation systems in the country. About Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is a direct wireless communication system that enables vehicles to exchange information with one another in real time. Unlike traditional systems that rely on cellular networks, V2V technology allows vehicles to communicate directly without the need for a central network. This ensures faster response times and greater reliability in critical situations. The technology enhances driver awareness by…
12 February, 2026
Computers and IT
Recently, researchers from the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) have used supercomputers to develop the first-ever simulation of ice formation that conclusively proves the Mpemba effect in water. This breakthrough provides strong computational evidence for a phenomenon that has puzzled scientists for centuries. What is the Mpemba Effect? The Mpemba effect is a counterintuitive physical phenomenon in which a hot liquid cools or freezes faster than a colder liquid when both are placed under identical conditions. This paradox challenges conventional understanding of thermodynamics, where colder substances are expected to freeze first. Historical Background The phenomenon was first…
06 February, 2026
Computers and IT
Google has announced Project Suncatcher, a long-term research initiative aimed at testing solar-powered data centres in space. The first experimental satellite launches under the project are planned for 2027. What is Project Suncatcher? Project Suncatcher is an ambitious initiative by Google to develop space-based data centres by deploying small computing racks on satellites. As part of an initial learning mission, Google plans to launch two prototype satellites by early 2027 in partnership with Planet Labs, an Earth-imaging company. The project seeks to reduce the growing energy and environmental burden of Earth-based data centres while enabling climate-friendly computing and advancing next-generation…
02 February, 2026
Computers and IT
Recently, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) announced the nationwide rollout of Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi) services. This move aims to improve voice call connectivity, especially in areas with weak or unreliable mobile network coverage. About Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi) Voice over WiFi, also known as Wi-Fi Calling, is a technology that allows users to make and receive voice calls and messages over a Wi-Fi network, instead of relying solely on traditional cellular networks. It enables seamless communication using the customer’s existing mobile number and phone dialer, without the need for any third-party applications. Technical Features of VoWiFi VoWiFi is an…
01 February, 2026
Computers and IT
Recently, the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) issued an advisory warning WhatsApp users about an active cyber threat campaign that uses a new attack technique known as GhostPairing. This method allows cybercriminals to take control of WhatsApp accounts without the user’s knowledge or authorization. What is GhostPairing? GhostPairing is a sophisticated WhatsApp account takeover technique in which hackers secretly link their own device to a victim’s WhatsApp account. The attack gives near-complete access to the victim’s WhatsApp account. It does not require passwords, SIM swapping, or physical access to the victim’s phone. Hackers exploit the WhatsApp multi-device pairing feature…
30 January, 2026
Computers and IT
At the inaugural Pax Silica Summit in 2025, India was excluded from the US-led Pax Silica initiative, sparking sharp political criticism domestically and in strategic circles. About the Pax Silica Initiative The Pax Silica Initiative is a strategic, US-led effort aimed at creating a secure, resilient, and innovation-driven silicon supply chain. Objectives Reduce China’s dominance over critical minerals and high-tech supply chains. Counter coercive dependencies in sectors including: Critical minerals Energy inputs Semiconductors Advanced manufacturing AI infrastructure Logistics Key Measures Promote joint ventures and strategic co-investments in high-tech sectors. Protect sensitive technologies and critical infrastructure from countries of concern. Build…
26 January, 2026
Computers and IT
India is aiming for complete indigenisation of its high-performance computing (HPC) systems by 2030. Indigenous content in supercomputing systems has already reached around 50% and is expected to exceed 70% by the end of the decade. Under the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM), India plans to deploy 90 petaflops (PF) of computing capacity by March 2026, significantly strengthening national technological capability and strategic autonomy.The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) seeks to build indigenous HPC infrastructure, reduce dependence on foreign technologies, and support cutting-edge research. Key milestones include the Rudra server, Trinetra high-speed network, and the AIRAWAT AI supercomputer. The upcoming NSM 2.0…
26 January, 2026
Computers and IT
Google has achieved a major breakthrough in quantum computing through its Quantum Echoes experiment, significantly improving our understanding of quantum information behaviour. Although the experiment does not involve breaking encryption, it has reignited global discussions on Q-Day, encryption security, and the urgent need for quantum-safe systems. Key Highlights Quantum Echoes is a fundamental physics experiment, not a cryptographic attack. It highlights the future risk of Q-Day and the threat of “harvest now, decrypt later”. A large technological gap still exists between present quantum computers and those capable of breaking encryption. Global institutions are accelerating the shift toward post-quantum cryptography (PQC).…
23 January, 2026
Computers and IT
Recently, India unveiled its first fully indigenously developed microprocessor, DHRUV64, marking a major milestone in the country’s journey towards self-reliance in semiconductor and computing technologies. About DHRUV64 DHRUV64 is a fully indigenous microprocessor developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) under the Microprocessor Development Programme (MDP). The processor reflects India’s growing capabilities in high-end chip design and development. Key Features of DHRUV64 Processor Core and Speed: DHRUV64 is a 64-bit dual-core processor operating at 1.0 GHz, enabling it to efficiently handle multiple tasks simultaneously. Execution Method: The processor uses superscalar execution, which allows it to initiate more…
21 January, 2026
Computers and IT
Information and Communication Technology (S&T) GS-PAPER3 PMP Information and communication technology (ICT) is a broad term that encompasses all technical tools needed to manage information and facilitate communication, such as computer and network hardware, communication middleware, and essential software. Information: It is knowledge derived from data/ data placed within a context. It is a message that the sender intends to communicate to the receiver. It is produced and stored by individual minds, or implicitly encoded and documented in organisational processes, services and systems. Communication: It is the process of information, usually via a common system of symbols. Communication can be participatory, transactive, deliberate, or unintended, verbal or nonverbal.…
20 December, 2024
Computers and IT
Web3.0 Web3 is the "internet for the next generation," so discussions about it are growing. What is the World Wide Web? The World Wide Web, commonly referred to as the Web, is a collection of websites or web pages that are kept on web servers and linked to local computers over the internet. There are text pages, digital photos, audio files, videos, etc. on these websites. Users can use their internet-connected devices, such as PCs, laptops, mobile phones, etc., to access the content of these websites from anywhere in the world. In contrast to the current Web 1.0 and Web…
25 April, 2023
Computers and IT
National Quantum Mission Recently, the National Quantum Mission (NQM) to support scholarly and commercial research and development in quantum technology was approved by the union cabinet, which is presided over by the prime minister. About National quantum mission From 2023 until 2031, the mission will be carried out by the Department of Science & Technology (DST) under the Ministry of Science & Technology. The goal of the mission is to launch, support, and scale up scientific and industry R&D while also developing a dynamic and creative environment in quantum technology. In addition to fostering the nation's ecosystem and elevating India…
22 April, 2023
Computers and IT
Bio-Computers The first steps towards developing an "Organoid Intelligence" that will produce "Biocomputers" have recently been made by scientists. About The study of "organoid intelligence," like artificial intelligence, aims to develop autonomous decision-making organoids. Brain organoids are 3D cultures of human stem cell-derived brain tissue created in the laboratory. They accurately depict a variety of morphological and functional aspects of an evolving human brain. In the end, researchers want to build "biocomputers" that are just lab-grown brain cultures connected to actual sensors and input/output devices. Uses These biocomputers can process complex information similarly to human brains. These organoids can shed…
14 March, 2023
Computers and IT
E-SIM Technology The eSIM (or embedded SIM) is quickly becoming mainstream due to fitness-oriented smartwatches and smartphones. What is an eSIM? An eSIM is an embedded SIM, essentially the same hardware of a regular SIM card chip, but now a permanently embedded part of the motherboard of a watch or smartphone. eSIMs were first established a decade ago in 2012, but despite their futuristic use-cases, have not completely made physical SIMs obsolete yet. Advantages of eSIMs Convenience: It will also save a trip to a telecom store/ service centre when you visit a different state or country where you may…
22 September, 2022
Computers and IT
Standalone and non-standalone 5G networks Image Source - Everything RF Reliance, the largest telecom provider in India, just announced the rollout of its 5G services in Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata this year, with plans to extend and cover the entire nation by 2023. According to the corporation, standalone 5G architecture would be used to launch its 5G services. Indian 5G smartphone ecosystem Rise steadily: Over the past two years, India's market share for 5G smartphones has increased. Only 3% of all smartphones shipped in India have 5G capabilities, but that percentage is predicted to rise to 35% by the end…
31 August, 2022
Computers and IT
Quantum Key Distribution Technology By releasing a commercial Request for Proposal, the Indian Army has begun the process of acquiring Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) technology created by a cybersecurity firm based in Bengaluru (RFP). About QKD: It is a secure communication technique that makes use of a cryptographic protocol involving a number of quantum mechanical elements. Process: The technique enables two communicating sides to generate random secret keys that are known only to them and shared by the two of them. This ensures that only the communicating sides can use the keys to encrypt and decode messages, resulting in very highly secure…
18 August, 2022
Computers and IT
Cryptojacking Cryptojacking attacks on computer systems have gone up by 30% to 66.7million in the first half of 2022 compared to the first half of last year. About Cryptojacking Cryptojacking is the unauthorized use of someone else's computing resources to mine cryptocurrency. It is a cyber-attack wherein a computing device is hijacked and controlled by the attacker, and its resources are used to illicitly mine cryptocurrency. In most cases, the malicious program is installed when the user clicks on an unsafe link or visits an infected website — and unknowingly provides access to their Internet-connected device. ??????? Detection It is…
28 July, 2022
Computers and IT
Crashing Crypto Market What is the issue? Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have been crashing since they hit an all-time high last year. What is the current crypto crash? Bitcoin has lost more than two-thirds of its value since it crosses a peak of around $69,000 in November last year and is currently trading at around the $22,000 mark. Ethereum, another cryptocurrency popular among investors, has lost almost 80% of its high value. Due to this, the overall market capitalization of cryptocurrencies has dropped under $1 trillion for the first time since January 2021. The trading volumes in Indian cryptocurrency exchanges…
17 June, 2022
Computers and IT
CABINET APPROVES MEGA 5G AUCTION The central government has approved the auction of airwave capable of offering 5G telecom services, including ultra-high-speed internet. It also gave permission for the setting up of captive 5G networks by big tech. ABOUT 5G 5G is the 5th generation mobile network which is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network which is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, various objects, and devices. 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra-low latency, massive network…
16 June, 2022
Computers and IT
Context: Metaverse is important topic for UPSE GS Paper3 Its commodification in the hands of one corporation could be detrimental to the Web 3.0 decentralisation movement. The race between technology companies to build the ‘metaverse’ has officially started. On October 28, 2021, Facebook Inc. announced that it was restructuring and assuming the corporate name, Meta Platforms Inc., announcing that ‘from now on, we’re going to be metaverse-first, not Facebook-first’. ‘Metaverse’ is a broad term encompassing interconnected 3D virtual worlds made possible through advancements in technologies such as augmented reality (AR)/virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchains, originating from Neal Stephenson’s…
09 November, 2021
Computers and IT
4G Vs. 5G Context: This topic is important for UPSE GS Paper 3 And Prelims. Background- "G" stands for "GENERATION". While connected to the internet, the speed of the connection depends upon the signal strength that is shown in abbreviations like 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, etc. on any mobile device. Each generation of wireless broadband is defined as a set of telephone network standards that describe the technical implementation of the system. Brief History of Data Transmission The transmission of data through networks evolved in 1980 with the emergence of 1st generation of networks. Since then, data transmission has seen an up-gradation…
04 November, 2021
Computers and IT
Bitcoin, Blockchain Technology: A Detailed Overview Context: This topic is important for UPSE Prelims and GS Paper 3. El Salvador, a small coastal country in Central America, became the first in the world to make Bitcoin, a digital currency, legal. Let’s understand all about it in detail. What Is Bitcoin? It is the first decentralized digital currency (Cryptocurrency) that allows peer-to-peer transfers without any intermediaries such as banks, governments, agents, or brokers, using the underlying technology of blockchain. Anyone around the world on the network can transfer digital currency to someone else on the network regardless of geographic location; you just need…
02 November, 2021
Computers and IT
METADATA AND FACEBOOK TO METAVERSE What is Metadata? Metadata Meaning: Meta-data is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of meta-data, including: Descriptive meta data — the descriptive information about a resource. It is used for discovery and identification. It includes elements such as title, abstract, author, and keywords. Structural metadata — meta data about containers of data and indicates how compound objects are put together, for example, how pages are ordered to form chapters. It describes the types, versions, relationships and…
01 November, 2021
Computers and IT
Mobile Phone Technologies 1G Technology The development of 1G mobile phones took place in the late 1970s. The 1G mobile devices sent only the “analogue voice information” via amplitude modulation (AM), which varies the amplitude of the carrier signal, and frequency modulation (FM), which changes the Frequency of the career signal. In electronics, the analog signal devices were followed by Analog to Digital convertors. The most important 1G system were Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) Total Access Telephone System (TACS). The devices of the 1G included the Cordless Phone, Paging Systems, Private Mobile Radio, Some primitive mobile…
05 May, 2021
Computers and IT
India's Rising Supercomputing Capabilities India is fast emerging as a leader in high-power computing with the National Super Computing Mission (NSM) boosting it to meet the increased computational demands of academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups in areas like oil exploration, flood prediction as well as genomics and drug discovery. Completion in of Phase II of NSM in September 2021 will take the country’s computing power to 16 Petaflops (PF). Infrastructure planned in NSM Phase I has already been installed and much of Phase II will be getting in place soon. Phase III, initiated this year, will take the computing speed…
06 April, 2021
Computers and IT
5G vs. 4G Connectivity 5G 4G 5G uses utilises much higher radio frequencies of 28 ghz. 4G uses lower reading frequencies of 700 mhz to 2500 mhz. 5G transfer more data over the air at faster speeds. 4G speed is lesser with less data transfer. 5G has lower latency i.e the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction. Latency for 5G is predicted to be below 10 milliseconds, and in best cases around 1 millisecond. 4G has higher latency as compared to 5G. Latency for 4G is around 20-30 milliseconds. 5G uses millimetre wave spectrum which…
07 March, 2021
Computers and IT
NetWire NetWire, which first surfaced in 2012, is a well-known malware. It is a remote access Trojan which gives control of the infected system to an attacker. Such malware can log keystrokes and compromise passwords. Viruses A computer virus is a type of malware that propagates by inserting a copy of itself into and becoming part of another program. It spreads from one computer to another, leaving infections as it travels. Viruses can range in severity from causing mildly annoying effects to damaging data or software and causing denial-of-service (DoS) conditions. Almost all viruses are attached to an executable file, which…
14 February, 2021
Computers and IT
Safe Internet Day It is organised by the Insafe/INHOPE network of awareness centres, which is spread across 30 countries and is funded by the Connecting Europe Facility program (CEF) of the EU. It aims to increase awareness about emerging online issues, such as cyberbullying, and chooses a topic reflecting current concerns
08 February, 2021
Computers and IT
ETHEREUM 2.0 Ethereum is a cryptocurrency. Recently, it was launched in a faster, cheaper and more environmentally friendly platform, as the upgraded version called ‘Ethereum 2.0’. What is Ethereum? Ethereum is a decentralised and open-source blockchain platform, which is a growing list of cryptographic blocks. It is the world’s second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, only after bitcoin. It is also the world’s most actively used blockchain. Ethereum was first proposed in 2013 by a Russian- Canadian cryptocurrency researcher and programmer Vitalik Buterin. The largest cryptocurrency ‘Bitcoin’ works on the principle of Mining, which in turn requires solving complex problems leading…
18 December, 2020
Computers and IT
QUANTUM SUPREMACY: What is Quantum Supremacy? It describes the point where quantum computers can do things that classical computers cannot. Superposition and entanglement are what give quantum computers the ability to process so much more information so much faster. Differences between a standard computer and a quantum computer: A classical computer performs calculations using bits that is 0 (representing off )and 1 (representing on). It uses transistors to process information in the form of sequences of zeros and ones called computer binary language. A quantum computer uses the laws of quantum mechanics. Here, different states can be achieved in particles…
02 December, 2020
Computers and IT
PARAM SIDDHI-AI : Param Siddhi is a high-performance computing-artificial intelligence supercomputer established at C-DAC under the National Supercomputing Mission. It has secured rank 63 in the TOP 500 most powerful non-distributed computer system list in the world. Features : Param Siddhi was jointly developed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and the Department of Science and Technology. The supercomputer has a speed of 5.267 petaflops. It has now got the recognition of non-distributed super computer systems. What are petaflops? It is a unit of computing speed. n simple words, FLOP is the number of arithmetic operations a machine can do in…
11 November, 2020
Computers and IT
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PARKS OF INDIA (STPI): The Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is investing up to? 400 crore in setting up office and connectivity infrastructure across several cities, offering small technology firms a ‘plug-and-play’ facility. About Software Technology Parks of India (STPI): It is an autonomous society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). Established in 1991 The STPI’s Governing Council’s Chairperson is the Union Minister for Electronics & Information Technology. Other key objectives: To provide statutory and other promotional services to the exporters by implementing Software Technology Parks (STP)/ Electronics and Hardware Technology Parks (EHTP) Schemes…
03 November, 2020
Computers and IT
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