Forever Chemicals (PFAS)

Recent scientific studies of human blood samples collected between 2003 and 2021 have revealed that the levels of older PFAS, commonly known as “forever chemicals,” dropped by 86%. This reduction occurred because manufacturers stopped producing certain older PFAS compounds.

What Are Forever Chemicals?

Forever chemicals, scientifically referred to as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), are a large family of man-made chemicals that are highly persistent in the environment. These chemicals are composed of chains of carbon and fluorine atoms, forming a bond that is one of the strongest in nature. Because of this bond, PFAS do not break down easily in soil, water, or air.

The name “forever chemicals” comes from the fact that these substances can remain in the environment for generations, if not indefinitely. This persistence makes them a long-term environmental and health concern.PFAS are dangerous because they accumulate over time instead of degrading naturally. This leads to repeated exposure in humans and animals, making them “forever” in effect.

Uses of PFAS

PFAS are widely used because of their durability, resistance to water and grease, and non-stick properties.

Domestic Applications:

• Cosmetics and skin creams: PFAS are added to provide smoothness and water-resistance.

• Car and floor polish: PFAS create protective, water-repellent layers.

• Dishwasher rinse aids: They prevent spotting and make surfaces shiny.

• Textiles and fabrics: PFAS make clothing water- and stain-resistant.

• Food packaging and microwave popcorn bags: PFAS prevent oil or grease from soaking through packaging.

• Baking and frying equipment: Non-stick surfaces are often coated with PFAS.

• Outdoor clothing and shoes: PFAS provide waterproofing and stain resistance.

Industrial Applications:

PFAS are used in firefighting foam and other industrial processes that require chemicals resistant to heat, oil, and water.

Explanation: PFAS are useful in many everyday products and industries due to their chemical properties, but this widespread use also increases the risk of human and environmental exposure.

Exposure Pathways

Humans are most commonly exposed to PFAS in the following ways:

• Contaminated water: Drinking water in areas near PFAS production or disposal sites can contain these chemicals.

• Contaminated food: PFAS can enter the food chain through soil, water, and packaging.

• Everyday products: Using items like cosmetics, cookware, or treated fabrics can release PFAS.

• Airborne particles: PFAS can also enter the body through breathing air contaminated with these chemicals.

Because PFAS break down very slowly, repeated exposure can lead to bioaccumulation, meaning these chemicals gradually build up in the bloodstream over time.

Health Impacts of PFAS

Long-term exposure to PFAS has been linked to multiple health problems:

• Immune system issues: PFAS can weaken the body’s ability to fight infections.

• Liver damage: Certain PFAS compounds can affect liver function.

• Thyroid disorders: They may disrupt hormone regulation.

• High cholesterol and hypertension: PFAS can affect cardiovascular health.

• Developmental delays in infants: Exposure during pregnancy may impact fetal growth.

• Cancer risk: Some studies link PFAS to kidney and testicular cancers.

Regulation of PFAS

Some PFAS chemicals, such as Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are classified as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. This international treaty aims to restrict or eliminate chemicals that remain in the environment for long periods and pose health risks.