DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS

The Global Peace Index (GPI) for 2025 has just been released, showing some important trends in global peacefulness.

What is the Global Peace Index (GPI)?

The Global Peace Index is an annual ranking of countries and territories based on their level of peacefulness. It is produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP), and the 2025 edition is the 19th edition of the GPI. It ranks 163 independent states and territories, covering 99.7% of the world's population.

The GPI uses 23 indicators across three major domains:

1. Societal Safety and Security: This includes factors like crime rates, political instability, and the presence of internal conflicts.

2. Ongoing Domestic and International Conflict: Measures the number of active conflicts, fatalities, and the role of the country in international disputes.

3. Degree of Militarisation: The extent to which a country has a heavily militarized society, such as high military spending or large standing armies.

Key Findings from the GPI 2025

• Global Peacefulness Declines: The GPI report highlights that global peacefulness continues to decline, with a 0.36% decrease in overall peace compared to the previous year. This marks a broader trend where the level of global conflict and militarisation is increasing.

• Rising Conflicts:

  • There are currently 59 active state-based conflicts in the world, which is the highest number since World War II.

  • 17 countries recorded over 1,000 conflict deaths in the last year.

  • The resolution of conflicts has decreased. Conflicts ending in a decisive victory or through peace agreements have significantly reduced since the 1970s.

• More Militarisation: More countries are becoming increasingly militarised, suggesting an increase in the willingness to use military force as a primary means of resolving disputes.

• Regional Trends:

  • South America was the only region that saw an improvement in peacefulness last year.

  • Western and Central Europe, though still the most peaceful region, has seen a decline in peacefulness over the past four years.

  • Middle East and North Africa (MENA) remain the least peaceful region, with ongoing conflicts and instability.

  • South Asia experienced the largest regional decline in peacefulness, contributing to its position as the second least peaceful region globally.

Top and Bottom Ranked Countries

• Iceland has retained its position as the most peaceful country for the 16th consecutive year, a position it has held since 2008.

• The Top Five:

  • Iceland (1st)

  • Ireland (2nd)

  • Austria (3rd)

  • New Zealand (4th)

  • Switzerland (5th)

• The Least Peaceful:

  • Russia is ranked as the least peaceful country for the first time, which reflects the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and its impact on the region.

  • Ukraine (2nd least peaceful)

  • Sudan (3rd)

  • Democratic Republic of the Congo (4th)

  • Yemen (5th)

India's Position

• India has been ranked 115th in the GPI 2025, up one position from the previous year. While this is a slight improvement, it still indicates significant challenges in terms of domestic and international conflict, safety, and security.

• Peaceful Asian Countries:

  • Singapore (6th)

  • Japan (12th)

  • Malaysia (13th)

  • Bhutan (21st)

  • Mongolia (37th)

Global Trends

• Declining Global Peace: The overall trend of declining global peace is concerning, as rising militarisation, conflicts, and decreased conflict resolution through diplomatic means are alarming signs for the future of global stability.

• Regional Challenges: The Middle East and South Asia are experiencing particularly high levels of instability, with ongoing wars and conflicts. Meanwhile, South America has seen a relative improvement, possibly due to fewer internal conflicts or successful peace efforts.

Conclusion

The Global Peace Index 2025 paints a sobering picture of the state of peace across the globe, with more countries becoming militarised and more conflicts intensifying. Iceland, along with other peaceful nations like Ireland and Austria, continue to serve as models of stability. On the other hand, countries like Russia and Ukraine highlight the devastating effects of ongoing conflicts on global peacefulness. India’s ranking at 115th indicates that while there are improvements, challenges in security and conflict management remain.

The Solar Orbiter Mission has made significant strides in understanding the Sun and its influence on the solar system. A recent study has revealed fascinating insights into the origin of Solar Energetic Electrons (SEEs), which are high-energy particles emerging from the Sun.

About the Solar Orbiter Mission:

• Launched: 2020, as a joint project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA.

• Objective: The mission's primary goal is to study the Sun and its surrounding environment, the heliosphere, by taking detailed measurements from both close up and out of the ecliptic plane (the flat plane of Earth's orbit).

• Payload: The spacecraft carries:

  • Six remote-sensing instruments designed to observe the Sun and its outer atmosphere (the solar corona).

  • Four in-situ instruments to measure the solar wind, energetic particles, and electromagnetic fields. These instruments provide crucial data on the Sun's behavior and its effect on space weather.

What are Solar Energetic Electrons (SEE)?

• Solar Energetic Electrons (SEEs) are high-energy particles that are emitted from the Sun.

• Sources of SEEs: They can be produced during:

  1. Solar Flares: Intense bursts of energy and radiation from the Sun’s surface.

  2. Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs): Large eruptions of solar material and magnetic fields from the Sun’s outer atmosphere.

These energetic electrons are significant because they play a crucial role in shaping the cosmic environment, including their impact on space weather, which can affect satellites, communication systems, and even power grids on Earth.

Recent Findings from the Solar Orbiter Mission:

• Study Period: Between November 2020 and December 2022, the Solar Orbiter observed more than 300 bursts of SEEs.

• Key Discoveries:

  • Two Types of SEEs: The mission found that one type of SEE is linked to intense solar flares (explosive bursts of energy from small patches on the Sun’s surface), while another type is associated with Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), which are massive eruptions from the Sun’s outer layer.

• Significance of Findings:

  • These findings will help scientists better understand the dynamics of space weather and the origin of energetic particles, enhancing predictions of solar activity and its effects on Earth. This research is crucial for improving the protection of space infrastructure and for deepening our knowledge of the Sun’s behavior.

Broader Impact:

By tracking and analyzing SEEs, the Solar Orbiter mission is enhancing our understanding of space weather phenomena that can influence various systems on Earth. These energetic particles, when interacting with Earth's magnetic field, can lead to geomagnetic storms, which affect satellites, GPS systems, and communication networks. Therefore, the mission's insights are pivotal for improving space weather forecasting and preparing for its potential impacts on technology and infrastructure.

Karma Puja is a significant festival for India's tribal communities, primarily celebrated in regions such as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Assam. It is a time of worship, gratitude, and hope, deeply rooted in agriculture and nature.

About Karma Puja:

• Also known as Karam or Karam Parab, this festival celebrates the Karam tree, which symbolizes fertility, prosperity, and auspiciousness in tribal culture. The tree is seen as a powerful force of nature, believed to protect crops and ensure the well-being of communities.

• Tribal Communities: The festival is particularly popular among tribes like the Munda, Ho, Oraon, Baiga, Kharia, and Santhal, who have deep cultural ties to the land and its cycles.

• Timing: Karma Puja is celebrated on Ekadashi tithi, which falls around August-September in the Gregorian calendar. It usually coincides with the harvest season, making it an occasion to thank nature and the divine for bountiful crops.

How is Karma Puja Celebrated?

1. Pre-Festival Preparations:

   • A week before the festival, young women collect clear sand from the riverbanks and sow seven types of grains. This act is a symbol of fertility and the nurturing of crops.

2. Karam Tree Worship:

   • On the day of the festival, a branch of the Karam tree is planted in the courtyard or akhra (community gathering space).

   • Devotees bring hibiscus flowers (jawa) to the site as offerings.

   • The pahan (priest) performs the worship of the Karam Raja (God of Karam), seeking blessings for a successful harvest and protection from misfortune.

3. Traditional Music and Dance:

   • The festival is marked by singing traditional Karam songs and dancing, both of which are forms of prayer and celebration. The dances are vibrant and often performed in circles, representing unity and community.

4. Immersion and Conclusion:

   • The festival concludes with the immersion of the Karam branch in a river or pond, symbolizing the release of all troubles and the return of blessings to nature.

   • The jawa flowers are then distributed among the devotees, believed to carry blessings and prosperity.

5. Post-Festival Practices:

   • As a final step, branches from sal or bhelua trees are planted in the fields with the hope that the Karam Raja will protect the crops and ensure a good yield.

India's ambitious plan to develop a fully indigenous solar manufacturing ecosystem by 2028 is an essential step towards achieving energy security, sustainability, and enhancing its position as a global leader in solar energy.

The Solar Manufacturing Value Chain

The solar manufacturing value chain involves multiple stages of production that convert raw materials into fully functional solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, which can then be installed for generating renewable energy. The value chain is typically divided into Upstream and Downstream segments:

Upstream Manufacturing (The Core Components)

1. Polysilicon: The process begins with metallurgical-grade silicon derived from quartz sand, which is refined into polysilicon.

2. Ingots: Polysilicon is melted and crystallized into large, cylindrical blocks, called ingots.

3. Wafers: Ingots are sliced into ultra-thin, disc-shaped sheets known as wafers, the building blocks of solar cells.

4. Solar Cells: Wafers are then treated with doping to create an electric field and receive a metallic coating for electricity conduction, becoming fully functional solar cells.

Downstream Manufacturing (Assembly & Installation)

1. Module Manufacturing: Solar cells are interconnected, laminated between glass and polymer backsheets, and framed into a complete solar module.

2. System Installation & Integration: The modules are assembled into solar arrays, connected to inverters, mounting structures, and wiring, then installed on rooftops or solar farms.

Current Status of India’s Solar Industry

• India’s solar module capacity: 100 GW

• Solar cell capacity: 27 GW

• Ingot and wafer capacity: 2.2 GW
  Despite India’s impressive solar module capacity, there is still a heavy reliance on imports, especially for solar cells, ingots, and wafers. This limits domestic manufacturing and poses a threat to energy security. However, the government is working towards resolving these gaps by boosting local production, particularly for polysilicon, a crucial component.

Challenges in Developing the Indigenous Solar Value Chain (Mnemonic: HURDLE)

The challenges India faces in developing a domestic solar value chain are substantial and can be remembered using the mnemonic HURDLE:

1. H – High-Cost & Scale Issues: Indian-made solar components are initially expensive due to high manufacturing costs and lack of economies of scale.

2. U – Upstream Infrastructure Gaps: There are significant gaps in the polysilicon and wafer manufacturing sectors, which are capital-intensive and require advanced technologies.

3. R – RoW & Land Bottlenecks: Land acquisition and Right of Way (RoW) issues obstruct the development of large-scale solar projects.

4. D – Delayed Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): Delays in PPAs by state governments and discoms create uncertainty, hurting project timelines and financial viability.

5. L – Lack of Experience: There is limited domestic experience in advanced solar manufacturing technologies.

6. E – Export/Import Dependence: Heavy reliance on imports, especially from China, weakens India’s energy independence and exposes the sector to external risks.

Achievements in Solar Energy

India has made notable progress in renewable energy, particularly solar power:

1. Renewable Energy Capacity: India has surpassed 251.5 GW of non-fossil energy capacity, achieving over half of its 2030 target of 500 GW.

2. PM Suryaghar Yojana: Over 20 lakh rooftop solar installations have been completed, with expectations to exceed 50 lakh soon.

3. PM-KUSUM Scheme: More than 1.6 million solar pumps have been installed, reducing diesel consumption by 1.3 billion litres annually and cutting CO2 emissions by 40 million tonnes.

Steps Needed to Develop an Indigenous Solar Value Chain (Mnemonic: SHINE)

India must take targeted steps to overcome challenges and develop a fully integrated solar manufacturing ecosystem. These steps can be remembered using the mnemonic SHINE:

1. S – Sustained Policy Support:

   • Expand the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) to include solar cells, wafers, and ingots.

   • Ensure stable production-linked incentives (PLI) and clear customs duties to protect domestic manufacturing.

   • Implement technology acquisition plans to enhance local expertise.

2. H – Harness Investment:

   • Attract investments for Greenfield manufacturing facilities.

   • Provide capital support to bridge gaps in upstream production.

   • Address land and RoW issues by creating a streamlined process for land acquisition.

3. I – Innovation & R&D:

   • Invest in next-generation technologies, such as Perovskite solar cells, to increase efficiency and reduce production costs.

   • Strengthen ancillary industries that supply raw materials and components.

4. N – Navigate Coordination:

   • Streamline state-level execution to ensure alignment with national policies.

   • Strengthen the financial stability of Discoms to enable smooth procurement of solar energy.

   • Align national schemes like PM Suryaghar Yojana and PM-KUSUM to drive demand for solar manufacturing.

5. E – Expand Demand:

   • Drive domestic demand for solar manufacturing through increased policy incentives and deployment programs.

   • Encourage widespread adoption of solar through subsidies, net metering, and tax breaks.

Conclusion

To achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 and meet its target of 1,800 GW renewable energy capacity by 2047, India must develop a robust, indigenous solar manufacturing ecosystem. This requires a comprehensive, integrated approach to overcome challenges like high costs, infrastructure gaps, and dependence on imports. By focusing on policy support, investment, innovation, and coordinated execution, India can strengthen its solar manufacturing sector, improve energy security, and bolster its position as a global leader in clean energy.

The visit of the Prime Minister of Mauritius to Varanasi, India, marked a significant milestone in strengthening the India-Mauritius bilateral ties. Describing India as a trusted partner in Mauritius' socio-economic development, the visit highlighted India's steadfast support for the island nation.

Key Outcomes of Mauritius PM’s Visit to India:

1. Development and Economic Support:

• Special Economic Package: India announced a significant Special Economic Package for Mauritius, which includes support for the development of Port Louis, the Chagos Marine Protected Area, as well as infrastructure, employment, and healthcare projects.

• Jan Aushadhi Kendra: The first-ever Jan Aushadhi Kendra outside India was set up in Mauritius, aimed at providing affordable medicines to the public.

• AYUSH Centre of Excellence: India will also help set up an AYUSH Centre of Excellence to promote alternative and traditional healing systems.

2. Community Development and Capacity Building:

• High Impact Community Projects: An MOU was signed for Phase 2 of the High Impact Community Development Projects aimed at strengthening development partnerships between both countries.

• Civil Service Capacity Building: India will provide civil service capacity building to Mauritius, referencing India's Mission Karmayogi for leadership and governance training.

3. Energy Cooperation:

• Energy MoU: India and Mauritius signed an MoU for energy and power sector cooperation. One of the highlights includes the establishment of a 17.5 MW floating solar power plant, helping Mauritius meet its energy needs with sustainable resources.

4. Space Cooperation:

• Both countries signed an MoU to collaborate on space cooperation, covering areas such as satellite telemetry, navigation, remote sensing, and capacity building for the future.

India-Mauritius Bilateral Relations:

Diplomatic and Political Ties:

• India established diplomatic relations with Mauritius in 1948, prior to the island nation’s independence in 1968.

• The signing of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) in 2021 was a major milestone, as it was India's first-ever trade agreement with an African nation.

• In 2025, India and Mauritius elevated their relations to an Enhanced Strategic Partnership, which reflects the broadening scope of their ties.

Trade and Investment:

• India is a key trading partner for Mauritius, accounting for 11% of its imports in 2024, ranking third among its top trading partners.

• Key Indian exports to Mauritius include petroleum, pharmaceuticals, cereals, cotton, shrimp, and bovine meat. On the other hand, Mauritius exports vanilla, medical devices, aluminium alloys, refined copper, and cotton shirts to India.

• Mauritius has been a major contributor to India’s foreign direct investment (FDI), with a cumulative investment of USD 180 billion from 2000 to 2025, making up 25% of India’s total FDI inflows. In FY 2023-24, Mauritius became India’s second-largest FDI source after Singapore.

Cultural and People-to-People Links:

• India has been instrumental in supporting Mauritius' healthcare, education, and cultural sectors. The Mahatma Gandhi Institute and the Indian Cultural Centre in Mauritius are key institutions.

• 26,000 Indian nationals and 13,000 Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) cardholders live in Mauritius, which strengthens the cultural and historical ties between the two countries.

• India and Mauritius also share strong tourism links, with visa-free travel for Indians and free visas for Mauritians, further fostering people-to-people exchanges.

Strategic and Regional Cooperation:

• Mauritius plays an essential role in India's Neighbourhood First Policy and the MAHASAGAR vision, which focuses on the Indian Ocean's security.

• Maritime Cooperation: India has been actively engaged in enhancing Mauritius' maritime capabilities through training exercises like AIKEYME, coast guard vessel refitting, and strengthening maritime security.

Significance of the Bilateral Relationship:

For India:

• Strategic Location of Mauritius: Mauritius is strategically located in the western Indian Ocean, playing a crucial role in securing maritime routes and regional security under India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and MAHASAGAR initiatives.

• Gateway to Africa: Mauritius is India’s gateway for trade and investment into Africa as it is a member of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

For Mauritius:

• Development Partner: India has supported Mauritius with over USD 1 billion in development aid, particularly in sectors such as infrastructure, disaster relief, and maritime security.

• Disaster Relief: India has consistently been the first responder to crises in Mauritius, such as the Wakashio oil spill (2020), Cyclone Chido (2024), and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Challenges in India-Mauritius Relations:

1. Dependency on Indian Assistance:

   • Mauritius remains highly dependent on Indian development aid, concessional credit, and grants, which may necessitate efforts to diversify its partnerships to avoid over-reliance on a single partner.

2. Geopolitical Competition:

   • Growing Chinese investments in Mauritius, such as the Jinfei Smart City and port projects, challenge India’s strategic influence in the region.

3. Limited Private Sector Engagement:

   • India’s public sector enterprises dominate Mauritius' economic landscape, while private sector participation remains low, limiting trade diversification and business innovation.

4. Maritime Security Concerns:

   • The western Indian Ocean faces piracy, drug trafficking, and illegal fishing, posing significant threats to regional security.

5. Trade Barriers:

   • High logistics costs and limited direct shipping routes restrict bilateral trade and economic integration.

Way Forward to Strengthen Ties:

1. Trade and Economic Partnership:

   • Expand the CECPA to include services, fintech, and digital trade.

   • Rupee–Mauritian Rupee payment system could be introduced to enhance trade and position Mauritius as India’s financial gateway to Africa.

   • Encourage private sector investments in technology, AI, and financial services.

2. Development and Sustainability:

   • Prioritize green energy, marine conservation, and climate adaptation to counter coastal degradation and oil spills that threaten Mauritius’ economy and tourism.

   • Focus on water security and the blue economy to ensure sustainable development.

3. Strategic Cooperation:

   • Enhance the infrastructure and surveillance capabilities of Agaléga Island to strengthen maritime security and India’s regional presence in the Indian Ocean.

4. Cultural and Diaspora Engagement:

   • Promote Indian culture, the Hindi language, and offer scholarships for Mauritian students.

   • Establish a Pravasi Bharatiya Kendra in Mauritius to engage with the Indian diaspora effectively.

Conclusion:

The India-Mauritius partnership is characterized by its strategic, economic, and cultural depth, with both nations benefitting from each other’s cooperation. India’s ongoing support in areas such as development, disaster relief, maritime security, and cultural exchange has made Mauritius a vital ally for India in the Indian Ocean. Moving forward, both countries should focus on expanding trade, fostering sustainability, and enhancing people-to-people connections to build a resilient and mutually beneficial relationship

Why is the Indian Ports Act, 2025 in the News?

The President of India has granted assent to the Indian Ports Act, 2025, which replaces the previous Indian Ports Act of 1908. This new Act aims to modernize and streamline port operations in India, promote integrated port development, enhance ease of doing business, and make optimal use of India’s vast coastline.

Key Features of the Indian Ports Act, 2025

1. Maritime State Development Council (MSDC)

   • The Act gives statutory recognition to the MSDC, established by the central government to advise on legal frameworks, port sector growth, competition, efficiency, and port connectivity.

   • Composition:

     • Chairman: Union Minister of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (ex-officio)

     • Members: Ministers-in-charge of coastal states, Secretaries of the Indian Navy, Coast Guard, and Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways.

2. State Maritime Boards (SMB)

   • Recognizes State Maritime Boards (SMBs), which will now govern and administer non-major ports in their respective states.

3. Dispute Resolution Mechanism

   • Requires each state government to establish a Dispute Resolution Committee to handle disputes involving non-major ports.

   • Civil courts will not have jurisdiction over such disputes, and appeals can be made to the High Court within 60 days of the committee's decision.

4. Port Tariff and Charges

   • Major Ports: Tariffs will be set by the Board of Major Port Authority or its Board of Directors (if it operates as a company).

   • Non-major Ports: Tariffs will be set by the respective State Maritime Boards or authorized concessionaires.

5. Port Officer and Conservator

   • Port Officer: A conservator will be appointed by the state government for each port or a group of ports.

   • The conservator will have authority to issue directions on vessel berthing, mooring, anchoring, movement, and the removal of obstructions.

6. Mega Ports Classification

   • The Central Government, in consultation with state governments, will establish criteria to classify ports as "mega ports".

   • Mega Ports will retain their original status (major or non-major) but will continue to be governed by the laws applicable to that type of port.

7. Emergency Preparedness and Response

   • Ports will be required to have emergency preparedness and response plans for safety, security, disaster management, and pollution incidents.

   • Plans must be approved and audited by the Central Government.

8. Environmental and Pollution Control

   • Ports must comply with international environmental standards, including the MARPOL Convention (for the prevention of marine pollution from ships) and the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention.

   • India is a signatory to the MARPOL Convention but is not a party to the BWM Convention.

9. Penalty Provisions

   • Certain offences from the 1908 Act have been decriminalized and replaced with monetary penalties.

10. Digital Integration and Data Management

    • The Act introduces provisions for electronic integration of port data with port community systems or centralized systems to improve efficiency and transparency.

11. Prior Clearance for Ownership Changes

    • Ports undergoing a change in substantial ownership or effective control must obtain prior clearance from the Central Government.

12. Exclusions

    • The Act does not apply to certain ports, navigable rivers, military aircraft, non-commercial government vessels, the Indian Navy, the Coast Guard, or foreign warships.

Concerns and Challenges

• Classification of Mega Ports: One of the concerns is the classification of mega ports, which could complicate the regulatory framework if not carefully defined.

• Lack of Appeal for Penalties Levied by Conservators: Another potential issue is the absence of an appeal mechanism for penalties imposed by port conservators, which could lead to issues of accountability and fairness.

International Conventions (MARPOL & BWM)

• MARPOL Convention: This is the primary international treaty dealing with the prevention of pollution from ships. India is a signatory, which is essential for global environmental standards in shipping.

• BWM Convention: The Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms through ships' ballast water. Although India has not ratified it yet, it is an important treaty for global marine health

About India’s Port Sector

India’s port sector is integral to the country’s economic infrastructure, with its extensive coastline and strategic positioning making it a key player in global trade. With over 7,517 kilometers of coastline, India is a maritime powerhouse, handling 95% of trade by volume and 70% by value through its ports. The sector plays a crucial role in facilitating foreign trade, promoting industrial growth, and fostering regional development.

Classification of Ports in India

1. Major Ports in India

India has 12 operational major ports, with Vadhavan and Galathea proposed as the 13th and 14th. These ports are directly managed by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW) and operate under the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021.

• Port Model: Major ports operate on the "Landlord Port Model", where the government owns the port infrastructure, and private players handle terminal operations.

Key Major Ports in India:

1. Mumbai Port: The largest natural port in India.

2. Kolkata Port (Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Port): The oldest major port and the only riverine port in India.

3. Ennore Port (Kamarajar Port): Located in Tamil Nadu, it is India's only corporatized port, registered as a company.

2. Minor Ports in India

India has more than 200 non-major (minor) ports, which are managed by respective state governments under the Indian Ports Act, 1908. These ports are regulated by State Maritime Boards or state departments and have been largely developed through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models.

Key Government Initiatives for Port Sector Development

1. Sagarmala Programme (2015)

• Objective: To reduce logistics costs, enhance port-led industrialization, and improve cargo movement efficiency.

• Focus Areas:

  • Port modernization

  • Connectivity enhancement

  • Port-led industrial clusters

  • Coastal community development

• Over 800 projects have been identified under the programme, worth more than ?5.5 lakh crore.

2. Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047

• Long-term Vision: To transform India into a global maritime power by 2047.

• Focus Areas:

  • Quadrupling port handling capacity

  • Promoting inland water transport and coastal shipping

  • Achieving green and sustainable maritime growth

3. National Logistics Portal (Marine)

• A unified digital platform that connects logistics stakeholders to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and promote transparency in port operations.

4. Sagar Manthan

• A real-time digital dashboard that provides monitoring of port performance, allowing for better decision-making and operational efficiency.

5. SAGAR-SETU App

• A mobile application that provides real-time updates on vessel movements, cargo status, finances, and regulatory compliance—aimed at improving the Ease of Doing Business in the maritime sector.

India’s Performance and Global Ranking in Logistics

India ranks 22nd in the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index (2023) under the “International Shipments” category.

• Average Turnaround Time (TAT) for ships in Indian ports is 0.9 days, which is better than many of its South Asian peers.

Private Sector Participation

India promotes private investment in port infrastructure, particularly through PPP models in both major and non-major ports. This has led to the development of ports like Mundra, Pipavav, and Dhamra Port, which are operated by private entities such as Adani Ports.

PPP Models Used:

• BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer)

• BOO (Build-Own-Operate)

Under these models, assets are returned to the port authority after the concession period.

Key Challenges in the Port Sector

Despite the efforts, several challenges persist in India's port sector:

1. Capacity Constraints: Many of the older major ports are operating near full capacity.

2. Last-Mile Connectivity: Inadequate connections to road and rail networks often hinder the smooth movement of cargo.

3. High Logistics Costs: India still faces higher logistics costs compared to global benchmarks.

4. Regulatory Overlaps: There is a need to resolve regulatory overlaps between central and state governments to ensure smoother operations.

5. Need for Digitization: While India has made strides in digital port integration, there is still room for greater digitization and automation.

6. Green Energy Transition: The transition to green energy and more sustainable port operations needs further acceleration.

Future Outlook for India’s Ports

India is on track to transform itself into a global maritime hub by focusing on:

1. Expansion of Capacity: Through the development of new ports like Vadhavan and Galathea.

2. Digitization and Automation: Accelerating the implementation of digital platforms, smart port systems, and automation to improve efficiency.

3. Green Ports: Promoting sustainable maritime practices, including electric cargo handling, shore power, and clean energy at ports.

4. Integrated Transportation: Integrating inland waterways and coastal shipping under the PM GatiShakti Master Plan, which aims to enhance overall logistics infrastructure.

5. Port-based SEZs and Industrial Corridors: Creating special economic zones (SEZs) and industrial corridors near ports to attract investment and drive industrial growth.

Important Ports in India

India’s extensive coastline is home to numerous ports, ranging from major to minor ports, each contributing significantly to the country’s economy.

1. Mandvi

• Location: Northern coast of the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat.

• Significance: Ancient port and shipbuilding centre.

• Exports: Clay, bauxite, cotton, seeds, salt, oil cakes.

2. Mundra

• Location: Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat.

• Significance: Largest private port in India, capable of handling over 100 million tonnes of bulk, liquid, and containerized cargo.

• Special Note: Integral part of a Special Economic Zone (SEZ), with Tata Power’s UMPP under development here.

3. Kandla

• Location: Eastern corner of the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat.

• Significance: Major port, established in the 1950s after the partition, when the port of Karachi went to Pakistan.

4. Okha

• Location: Western corner of the Kathiawar Peninsula, Gujarat.

• Significance: Minor port with cement plants and an automobile assembly plant. Fishing and salt processing are major activities.

5. Sikka

• Location: Near Junagadh in the Kathiawar Peninsula, Gujarat.

• Significance: Minor port with all-weather direct berthing facilities.

6. Porbandar

• Location: West coast of Saurashtra, Gujarat.

• Significance: All-weather port with direct berthing facilities. Known for wharfs for steamers.

7. Veraval

• Location: Southwestern coast of Saurashtra, Gujarat.

• Significance: Fair weather lighterage port mainly developed for fishing.

8. Kodinar

• Location: Junagadh district of Saurashtra, Gujarat.

• Significance: Close to Veraval Port, mainly a fishing hub.

9. Alang

• Location: Eastern coast of Saurashtra, Gujarat.

• Significance: World’s largest shipbreaking yard. Gained attention when the French aircraft carrier Clemenceau was banned from entering in 2006.

10. Bhavnagar

• Location: Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat.

• Significance: All-weather berthing port for small vessels. Ships must pass through a lock gate to enter.

11. Bharuch

• Location: Mouth of the Narmada River, Gujarat.

• Significance: Important port for petrochemical trade. Dahej Port is nearby.

12. Alibag

• Location: Near Mumbai, Maharashtra.

• Significance: No major port facilities, but known for tourism.

13. Ratnagiri

• Location: Southern coast of Maharashtra.

• Significance: Handles minerals and other commodities. Also home to Bharati Shipyard Limited.

14. Karwar

• Location: Coastal city of Karnataka.

• Significance: Minor port with a strategic location near the Kalindi River. Known for its protected harbor and role in sea trade, fishing, and maritime services.

15. Udupi

• Location: Coastal city of Karnataka.

• Significance: Minor port, known for its Krishna Matt and high per-capita income.

16. Kasargod

• Location: Northern Kerala.

• Significance: Minor port, with agro-based industries. Well-connected by NH-66 and Konkan Railway.

17. Kannur

• Location: Northern Kerala.

• Significance: Minor port with a focus on agri-based industries.

Ports of Maharashtra and Goa

18. Mumbai Port

• Location: Eastern edge of Mumbai city.

• Significance: A natural deep-water harbor, historically crucial in the emergence of Mumbai as India’s commercial capital. Nhava Sheva (JNPT) was created to relieve pressure on Mumbai Port.

19. Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT/Nhava Sheva)

• Location: Opposite Mumbai, across Thane Creek.

• Significance: India’s largest port by container traffic, handling 65% of the country's containerized goods. Has three terminals: JNPT, NSICT, and GTI. NSICT is India’s first privately managed container terminal.

20. Mangalore

• Location: Southern Canara Coast, Karnataka.

• Significance: Major port for exports of tea, coffee, spices, and iron ore, and imports of petroleum, fertilizers, and edible oils. Home to a petroleum refinery.

21. Mahe

• Location: Puducherry.

• Significance: Minor port with agri-based industries, fishing, and tourism.

22. Kozhikode (Calicut)

• Location: Kerala.

• Significance: Known as the “City of Spices” in ancient times. Historically famous for spice trade.

Ports of Tamil Nadu

23. Kanniyakumari

• Location: Cape Comorin, Tamil Nadu.

• Significance: Minor port and a tourist destination. Known for its agri-based industries.

24. Colachel Seaport

• Location: Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu.

• Significance: Proposed major port to become India’s southern trans-shipment gateway. Already a natural harbor.

25. Tuticorin

• Location: Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu.

• Significance: Handles coal, salt, food grains, edible oils, sugar, and petroleum products. Site of a new oil refinery.

26. Vedaranniyam

• Location: Near Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu.

• Significance: Minor port known for salt manufacturing, fishing, and agriculture. Site of the Salt March led by Rajgopalchari in 1930.

27. Dhanushkodi

• Location: Eastern part of Pamban Island, Tamil Nadu.

• Significance: Small town known for its historical significance and association with the Hindu epic Ramayana. The cyclone of 1964 destroyed the railway line connecting India with Sri Lanka.

28. Nagapattinam

• Location: Kaveri Delta, Tamil Nadu.

• Significance: Minor port known for fishing and industries like textiles, leather goods, and oil extraction.

29. Yanam

• Location: Puducherry, between Godavari and Krishna Deltas.

• Significance: Agro-based industries, tourism.

30. Srikakulam

• Location: Andhra Pradesh.

• Significance: Minor port, historically significant, with temples and agro-based industries.

31. Karaikal

• Location: Tamil Nadu (Puducherry).

• Significance: Cultural hub and minor trading port.

32. Cuddalore

• Location: Coromandel Coast, Tamil Nadu.

• Significance: Minor port known for its picturesque beaches and emerging industrial growth.

Ports of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha

33. Machilipatnam

• Location: Krishna Delta, Andhra Pradesh.

• Significance: Minor port with a long history, being developed to ease pressure on Visakhapatnam.

34. Gopalpur

• Location: Orissa.

• Significance: Ancient commercial port, now lying in ruins. Was prominent during British rule and is often affected by tropical cyclones.

35. Kakinada

• Location: East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh.

• Significance: Safe port for sea trade and fishing.

36. Krishnapatnam

• Location: Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.

• Significance: Privately owned deep-water port handling iron ore and granite exports. Home to Reliance Power’s 4000 MW UMPP.

37. Visakhapatnam

• Location: Andhra Pradesh.

• Significance: The deepest landlocked port in India, handling iron ore, coal, oil, and fertilizers. Also houses shipbuilding and naval facilities.

38. Paradeep

• Location: Mahanadi Delta, Orissa.

• Significance: Deep-water port

Conclusion

The Indian Ports Act, 2025 is a significant reform aimed at modernizing the governance and operation of ports in India. The Act focuses on efficiency, environmental protection, and ease of doing business, all of which are essential for the country’s goal of becoming a global maritime leader by 2047.

The growth in private sector participation in India's defense production marks a significant shift in the country’s defense strategy and industrial landscape. The private sector share in defense production reached a record 23% in FY 2024-25, continuing a trend of growth for the third consecutive year. Several factors have driven this increase in private sector involvement, from institutional reforms to policy changes and industrial infrastructure development. However, despite these gains, there are still challenges to overcome for India to truly achieve self-reliance in defense production.

Key Drivers Behind the Increased Share of Private Sector in Defense Production:

1. Institutional Reforms:

   • Creation of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) have played a crucial role in improving coordination between various branches of the armed forces, ensuring a more cohesive approach to defense strategy, and pushing for indigenous equipment.

2. Policy and Regulatory Reforms:

   • Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP-2020): Focuses on prioritizing domestic procurement, opening contracts to private players, and fostering indigenous manufacturing.

   • Liberalized FDI Policy: Since 2020, India has allowed foreign direct investment up to 74% under the automatic route and up to 100% via the government route. This has enabled global defense companies like Tata and Airbus to transfer technology to Indian firms, such as in the C-295 aircraft project.

   • Positive Indigenization Lists (PILs): By restricting imports of over 5,500 items, India is encouraging domestic sourcing and creating a guaranteed demand for Indian defense manufacturers.

   • Make in India: This flagship initiative has significantly boosted private sector engagement by providing incentives and encouraging investment in indigenous manufacturing, such as the SRIJAN Portal, which helps connect suppliers and manufacturers.

3. Industrial Infrastructure and Budget Support:

   • Defence Industrial Corridors: Special manufacturing hubs have been set up in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. These corridors offer incentives, infrastructure, and investment-friendly policies to attract private sector players.

   • Budget Prioritization: For FY 2025-26, the Ministry of Defence has earmarked 75% of its modernization budget (?1.11 lakh crore) specifically for procurement from Indian firms, reflecting a strong commitment to indigenous capabilities.

4. Innovation and Ease of Doing Business:

   • iDEX and ADITI: These innovation ecosystems support startups and MSMEs to develop cutting-edge technologies like AI, drones, and quantum systems, helping India become a global hub for defense innovation.

   • Ease of Doing Business: Simplified processes such as extending license validity and de-licensing many defense items have lowered entry barriers, making it easier for private companies to engage in defense production.

Key Challenges in India’s Defense Production:

1. Production Lag:

   • Despite significant reforms, India’s defense industry is still behind target in terms of exports. For example, HAL lost the Malaysian LCA contract, and Garden Reach Shipbuilders failed to win a tender in the Philippines.

2. Heavy Reliance on Imports:

   • India continues to depend heavily on imports for raw materials, high-tech components, and advanced systems. S-400 delays due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict highlight the vulnerabilities of this reliance.

3. Technological Challenges:

   • Foreign OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) are often protective of their intellectual property, restricting technology transfer to Indian firms. This limits India’s capability to develop advanced manufacturing systems, particularly in emerging technologies like AI, hypersonics, cyber warfare, and stealth tech.

4. Funding Gaps:

   • India’s defense budget remains under 3% of GDP, with over half of it allocated for personnel costs, leaving limited funds for modernization and R&D.

5. Dependence on Foreign Technology:

   • Despite the Make in India initiative, India remains reliant on countries like the US and France for cutting-edge defense technologies, which limits its ability to achieve true self-reliance in defense.

Background of Defence Indigenisation in India

India's defense indigenisation journey has been a long and evolving process, influenced by strategic needs, geopolitical challenges, and the desire for self-reliance in defense production. Over the decades, India has made concerted efforts to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers while building an indigenous defense manufacturing ecosystem.

Early Recognition of Need (1950s-1970s)

In the post-independence period, India realized the strategic necessity of self-reliance in defense production. This understanding grew particularly strong following the wars of 1962, 1965, and 1971, which exposed the vulnerabilities in India's defense preparedness, especially due to reliance on foreign suppliers for weapons and equipment. These conflicts acted as a catalyst, pushing India to focus on domestic defense production and reducing dependence on foreign arms sources.

Key Milestones in Defence Indigenisation

1. Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) - 1983:

   • One of the most notable initiatives in India's indigenisation efforts was the IGMDP, initiated in 1983 under the leadership of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. This program aimed to develop a range of strategic missile systems, such as Agni and Prithvi, bolstering India's indigenous missile capabilities.

   • The program concluded in 2008, marking a significant achievement in India's defense technology and further cementing the country's move towards self-reliance in military technology.

2. Self-Reliance Index (SRI) and Abdul Kalam’s Vision (1992):

   • In 1992, India had a low Self-Reliance Index (SRI) of 0.3, meaning a small fraction of its defense procurements were sourced indigenously. Dr. Abdul Kalam, recognizing this gap, set up a committee to create a 10-year plan targeting an SRI of 0.7 by 2005. Although this target was ambitious, it helped lay the foundation for future policies and reforms.

3. Responsibility Transfer (2000s):

   • By the 2000s, responsibility for indigenisation shifted from the Department of Defence Production (DDP) and Directorate General of Quality Assurance (DGQA) to the Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) and military services. During this period, the Army and Navy developed 15-year Perspective Plans to push for greater self-reliance.

4. Project 75 (1997):

   • In line with the push for indigenisation, Project 75 was launched with the goal of building indigenous submarines. This project sought to develop a self-reliant submarine manufacturing capability in India, reducing dependence on foreign designs and technologies.

Need for Defence Indigenisation

India’s goal of defense indigenisation is driven by several factors:

1. Global Arms Market Share:

   • India’s share in the global arms exports market is minimal, accounting for just 0.2%. This small share reflects the need for India to strengthen its position in the global defense market, enhancing its geopolitical standing while reducing trade imbalances.

2. India as the Largest Importer of Arms:

   • Despite significant efforts to ramp up domestic production, India remains the largest importer of arms globally. In 2018-2022, India accounted for 11% of global arms imports. This heavy reliance on foreign sources is a major driver for indigenisation.

3. Development of Military Industrial Complex:

   • Establishing a military-industrial complex is essential for fostering national security. This complex includes a network of industries and institutions involved in producing defense technologies, weapons, and systems. By focusing on indigenisation, India seeks to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers and build a robust national defense industry.

4. Technology Transfer and Independence:

   • Technology transfer through foreign collaborations is essential for India to develop and maintain advanced defense capabilities. Indigenisation would facilitate this process, while also empowering India with the ability to independently design, develop, and manufacture sophisticated defense technologies.

5. Exports:

   • As India becomes more self-reliant in defense production, it also aims to expand its export base. For example, India is in the process of exporting Brahmos Cruise Missiles to the Philippines, a key milestone in boosting defense exports.

6. Research and Development (R&D):

   • Indigenisation drives significant investment in defense R&D, which not only contributes to the military but also benefits other sectors of the economy through technology spin-offs and industrial innovation.

Government’s Initiative towards Defence Indigenisation

In the last decade, the Indian government has introduced several measures to boost indigenous defense manufacturing, focusing on policy, infrastructure, and technological innovations. Key reforms include:

1. Defence Procurement Policy, 2016:

   • The Defence Procurement Policy (DPP) 2016 was designed to promote indigenous defense production, with the "Buy (Indian-IDDM)" category encouraging the procurement of indigenously designed, developed, and manufactured products.

   • The policy also introduced the "fast-track" route for acquiring critical weapons, facilitating quicker and more efficient procurement processes.

2. Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX), 2018:

   • The iDEX initiative promotes innovation and R&D in the defense sector, especially among MSMEs, startups, and academic institutions. iDEX provides funding, grants, and support to innovative projects, contributing to the development of new technologies for defense.

   • In 2022, iDEX Prime was launched to further support this ecosystem and encourage cutting-edge innovations.

3. SPRINT Challenges:

   • The SPRINT initiative, launched by the Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Organisation (NIIO) in 2022, aims to integrate at least 75 new indigenous technologies into the Indian Navy. This project is a significant step toward increasing the Navy's self-reliance in defense technologies.

4. Indigenous Manufacturing and Simplification of Processes:

   • The government has worked on simplifying the industrial licensing process, extending the validity of licenses, and liberalizing the FDI policy to allow up to 74% foreign direct investment in defense manufacturing.

   • Domestic procurement has seen an uptrend, rising from 54% in 2018-19 to 68% in recent years, with 25% earmarked for private industry.

5. Defence Industrial Corridors:

   • The Defence Industrial Corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu aim to create dedicated hubs for the aerospace and defense industries. These corridors provide infrastructure, incentives, and a conducive environment for both public and private players.

6. Positive Indigenisation Lists (PIL):

   • The PILs prioritize the procurement of defense equipment from domestic sources, further strengthening India's indigenisation efforts. These lists create embargoes on the import of specified items, pushing the defense industry to develop alternatives locally.

7. E-Biz Portal and Vendor Development Guidelines:

   • The digitization of defense licensing processes through the E-Biz Portal has improved operational efficiency. The Vendor Development Guidelines focus on strengthening private sector participation, particularly from SMEs, by encouraging outsourcing and creating development opportunities within public sector units (PSUs) and the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB).

Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020

The DAP 2020 is a crucial initiative under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan, aiming to streamline procurement processes while fostering self-reliance in defense production:

• Reservation for Indian Vendors: The DAP encourages domestic manufacturers by giving preference to Indian vendors, with provisions allowing up to 100% FDI in defense production.

• Enhancement of Indigenous Content: There is an increased focus on enhancing the indigenous content in defense procurement across various categories.

• Make and Innovation Categories: The Make categories (I/II/III) support domestic innovation, funded both by the government and the industry.

• Global Manufacturing in India: The DAP mandates that part or all of the manufacturing process for defense equipment, spares, or maintenance be conducted by Indian subsidiaries of foreign investors.

• Ease of Doing Business: The DAP facilitates easier operations for defense manufacturers, offering faster decision-making and preference for companies producing complete defense systems.

Way Forward:

1. Enhance Indigenous R&D:

   • India must increase its investment in defense R&D to at least 2% of GDP, in line with global standards. This will require strengthening research institutions like DRDO and increasing private sector involvement in innovation.

2. Absorption of Technology (AoT):

   • India should focus on joint ventures with foreign OEMs, with an emphasis on technology sharing, co-development, and co-manufacturing. This will help build technological depth while avoiding dependence on foreign suppliers.

3. Skill Development:

   • Expanding specialized defense education and vocational training programs can provide the skilled workforce necessary for cutting-edge defense manufacturing and R&D.

4. Boost Export Competitiveness:

   • By encouraging DPSUs and private companies to jointly bid for foreign contracts, India can become a stronger player in the global defense export market, enhancing its geopolitical influence.

5. Foster Innovation Ecosystem:

   • India should provide sustained funding and capacity-building support to smaller enterprises, integrating them into defense supply chains and enabling them to scale up their technological capabilities.

6. Vijay Raghavan Committee Recommendations:

   • Empowering a PMO-led Defence Technology Council and refocusing DRDO primarily on research and development can enable better decision-making in the defense sector. Encouraging greater participation from private sector and academia in defense R&D will help foster indigenous innovation.

Conclusion:

India stands at a crossroads, with an unprecedented opportunity to position itself as not just a manufacturer but as an innovator in defense technologies. The next decade could see India playing a central role in shaping the future of warfare, from AI-driven systems to space and cyber defense. By leveraging its demographic dividend, building global partnerships, and nurturing a vibrant startup ecosystem, India has the potential to transform into a major player in the global defense value chain, enhancing its strategic autonomy and national security