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India has recently inducted its third nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), INS Aridaman, marking a major milestone in its maritime nuclear capability. With this induction, India will, for the first time, maintain three operational SSBNs at sea, significantly strengthening its undersea deterrence capability. In addition, India has commissioned the stealth frigate INS Taragiri, which enhances the Indian Navy’s ability to secure strategic interests in the Indian Ocean Re
COP30 in Belém From November 10–21, 2025, COP30, officially the 30th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), took place in Belém, Brazil. COP30 marked 10 years of the Paris Agreement and focused strongly on implementation of climate commitments. What is COP30? Aspect Details Full Form COP means Conference of the Parties. Official Identity COP30 was
Supreme Court Guidelines on Aravalli Conservation 2025 In December 2025, the Supreme Court accepted the MoEFCC Committee’s recommendations, establishing a standardized definition for the Aravalli Hills. The guidelines aim to strictly regulate mining across Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, and Delhi. Key Regulatory Measures Measure Details Standardized Definition “Aravalli Hills” are landforms that are at least 100m above local r
International Conference on Glaciers’ Preservation The International Conference on Glaciers’ Preservation was hosted by the Government of Tajikistan in Dushanbe from May 29 to June 1. The conference represented an important step in implementing the United Nations resolution declaring 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation. Key Details Aspect Details Conference International Conference on Glaciers’ Pre
Art/Culture/Cinema Grammy to the Dalai Lama At the 68th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles, the Dalai Lama won his first-ever Grammy at the age of 90. He won in the Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording category. The award was for his spoken-word album Meditations. International Film Festival of India (IFFI), 2025 The 56th International Film Festival of India was held in Goa. Aspect Details Country of Focus Japan
Football Mascot of FIFA 2026 Mascots: Clutch the Bald Eagle, Maple the Moose and Zayu the Jaguar. Representing Countries: United States, Canada and Mexico respectively. Opening Match: 11 June 2026 at Estadio Azteca, Mexico City. Final Match: 19 July 2026 at MetLife Stadium, New Jersey, New York City. Number of Teams: 48, increased from 32. Total Matches: 104. New Feature: First-ever halftime show during the final. Santosh Trophy 2026 Venue: Dhakuakhana S
Obituary Person Key Contribution / Recognition André Béteille Indian sociologist, writer and academician; honoured with the Padma Bhushan. T. K. Oommen Scholar, teacher and author known for writings on social justice, identity and pluralism; noted for his study of the Bhoodan Movement. James Watson Nobel Prize-winning American scientist and co-discoverer of the double-helix structure of DNA with Francis Crick
UN Biodiversity Summit (CBD COP16) On 27th February 2025, the UN Biodiversity Conference (COP16) in Rome concluded with a hard-won agreement on nature finance. However, concerns remain over the feasibility of halting nature loss by 2030. What is COP16? Aspect Details Full Form COP means Conference of the Parties. Summit Focus COP16 is an international summit focused on implementing the Global Biodiversity Framework.
SOUL Leadership Conclave 2025 The first edition of the SOUL Leadership Conclave 2025 was organised at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. The conclave aimed to nurture leaders capable of driving national and global progress. Key Details Aspect Details Event First edition of the SOUL Leadership Conclave 2025. Venue Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Aim To nurture leaders who can drive national and global progress.
Khelo India 2025 Khelo India Youth Games 2025 Host State: Bihar. Mascot: Gajasimha — a mythical elephant-lion creature inspired by the Pala dynasty heritage of Nalanda and Bodhgaya. Champion: Maharashtra topped the medal tally with 58 gold, 47 silver and 53 bronze medals. It was Maharashtra’s fifth KIYG title and third consecutive title. Second Position: Haryana — 39 gold, 27 silver and 51 bronze medals. Third Position: Rajasthan — 24 gold, 12 sil
New Ramsar Sites 2025–26 During 2025–26, several new wetlands across India were added as Ramsar sites, expanding the country’s network of wetlands of international importance. The additions include first Ramsar sites for Chhattisgarh and Sikkim, while Tamil Nadu continues to have the highest number of Ramsar sites in India. State-wise New Ramsar Sites State New Ramsar Sites / Status Bihar Gokul Jalashay, Gogabil Lake, and Ud
‘#23for23’ Awareness Initiative On 23rd October 2025, India celebrated International Snow Leopard Day with the nationwide ‘#23for23’ campaign. The campaign encouraged people to engage in 23 minutes of physical activity to raise awareness about snow leopard conservation. About the Campaign Aspect Details Occasion Launched during International Snow Leopard Day on 23rd October 2025. Campaign Name The campa
High Seas Treaty On January 17, 2026, the High Seas Treaty officially entered into force after being ratified by 60 nations. This landmark BBNJ Agreement creates the first legally binding framework to conserve biodiversity in international waters, which cover nearly two-thirds of the world’s oceans. What is the High Seas Treaty? Aspect Details Official Name Agreement on Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (
2025 was the Warmest La Niña Year on Record According to Berkeley Earth’s Annual Temperature Report 2025, 2025 became the warmest La Niña year on record and the 3rd warmest year overall. This was significant because La Niña conditions usually cool global temperatures, yet 2025 remained exceptionally warm. What is La Niña? Aspect Details ENSO Phase La Niña is the cool phase of the El Niño–S
US Exits Paris Climate Pact On 27th January 2026, the United States officially exited the Paris Agreement, marking the second withdrawal under President Donald Trump. The withdrawal came a year after President Trump signed the executive order announcing the decision, calling the agreement “unfair and one-sided”. Why did the US Exit? Issue Details US Position President Trump argued that the agreement was “unfair and one-sided
Seven of Nine Planetary Boundaries Now Breached As of 2025, seven of the nine planetary boundaries are now considered breached. Only Atmospheric Aerosol Loading and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion remain within limit. The Nine Planetary Boundaries Boundary Meaning Climate Change Greenhouse gas concentrations and radiative forcing. Biosphere Integrity Genetic diversity and functional integrity loss. Land-System Change
International Conference on Glaciers’ Preservation 2025 The High-Level International Conference on Glaciers’ Preservation was held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, from May 29–31, 2025. It acted as the flagship event for the UN’s International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation. Key Outcomes Outcome Details Dushanbe Declaration Adoption of the Dushanbe Declaration on Glacier Preservation. Global Agenda Launch
Bharat Forecast System The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) launched the Bharat Forecast System (BFS) on May 26, 2025. It is the world’s first indigenously developed weather model offering an ultra-high resolution of 6 km × 6 km, surpassing global standards of 9–14 km. What is Bharat Forecast System? Component Details Launch Launched by the Ministry of Earth Sciences on May 26, 2025. Developer Developed by t
India’s First Open-Sea Marine Fish Farming Project On 18th January 2026, India launched the country’s first open-sea marine fish farming project in the Andaman Sea. The project integrates advanced marine technology with livelihood generation through open-sea cultivation of marine finfish and seaweed under natural ocean conditions. Project Overview Aspect Details Launch Date Launched on 18th January 2026. Location I
Indian Wolf Recognized as a Distinct Species by IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has, for the first time, evaluated the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) as a separate entity from the broader grey wolf species. This move paves the way for its recognition as a distinct species within the Canis genus. Conservation Status Aspect Details Estimated Population The IUCN’s Canid Specialist Group estimates that onl
Similipal accorded ‘National Park’ Status Similipal in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha has been accorded ‘National Park’ status by the Odisha government. It has become the 107th national park in India and the second in Odisha, after Bhitarkanika. What is a National Park? Aspect Details Declaration A state government may notify an area as a National Park for protection of wildlife and its environment. Basis of
Gaddi Dog: ICAR-NBAGR Recognition On 6th January 2025, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research–National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBAGR) officially recognised ‘Gaddi’, a native Himalayan dog breed. The recognition was granted alongside nine other livestock breeds, strengthening documentation and conservation of India’s indigenous animal genetic resources. About Gaddi Dog Aspect Details Breed Type Gad
Himachal Cold Desert Added to UNESCO Network On 27th September 2025, India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve in Himachal Pradesh was included in UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves. With this inclusion, India now has 13 biosphere reserves listed in the UNESCO global network, highlighting the country’s commitment to biodiversity conservation and community-led sustainable development. About the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve Aspect Deta
NHAI to Develop ‘Bee Corridors’ On 17th February 2026, the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) announced a first-of-its-kind initiative to develop pollinator or “Bee Corridors” along national highways. The initiative aims to support pollinators by creating continuous stretches of bee-friendly vegetation along highway networks. What are Bee Corridors? Aspect Details Definition Bee Corridors are continuous stretc
Turtle Trails The Union Budget 2026–27 proposed “Turtle Trails” to develop regulated ecotourism infrastructure along key Olive Ridley turtle nesting sites. The proposed trails will cover important coastal nesting areas in Odisha, Karnataka, and Kerala. What are Turtle Trails? Aspect Details Budget Proposal Proposed in the Union Budget 2026–27. Main Focus Development of regulated ecotourism infrastructur
BIMSTEC Youth Summit 2025 The first-ever BIMSTEC Youth Summit 2025 was held in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, from 7–11 February 2025. The summit was organised under the framework of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). Key Highlights of the Summit Aspect Details Event First-ever BIMSTEC Youth Summit 2025. Venue Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Dates Held from 7–
UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize The UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize was awarded to Nicaragua’s century-old newspaper La Prensa. The award recognised its fearless reporting despite escalating repression, including arrests, exile and asset confiscation under the Ortega-Murillo regime. Award Details Aspect Details Awarded To Nicaragua’s century-old newspaper La Prensa. Awarded For Conti
Ramon Magsaysay Award 2025 The Ramon Magsaysay Award 2025 was awarded to Educate Girls, officially known as the Foundation to Educate Girls Globally. It became the first Indian organisation to win the Ramon Magsaysay Award, one of Asia’s most prestigious honours. Award Details Aspect Details Indian Awardee Educate Girls, officially known as the Foundation to Educate Girls Globally. Awarded For Relentless efforts in trans
Salvo Test of ‘Pralay’ Missile On 31st December 2025, a successful salvo launch of two ‘Pralay’ missiles was conducted in quick succession off the coast of Odisha. The test demonstrated the missile system’s rapid-launch capability, operational reliability, and battlefield readiness. Development and Test Details Aspect Details Test Date Conducted on 31st December 2025. Test Location Conducted off t
LR-AShM at Republic Day Parade At the 77th Republic Day Parade on Kartavya Path, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) showcased the Long Range Anti-Ship Hypersonic Missile (LR-AShM) for the first time. The missile represents a major step in strengthening India’s long-range maritime strike and sea-denial capability. What is LR-AShM? Aspect Details Missile Type A hypersonic glide missile with a quasi-ballistic flight p
Rail-Based Agni Prime Missile On 24th September 2025, India successfully test-fired the Agni-Prime (Agni-P) missile from a rail-based mobile launcher. With this achievement, India joined a select group of countries capable of firing containerised missiles from mobile rail networks, alongside Russia, the United States, and China. Key Features of Agni Prime Rail Launch Feature Specification / Details Missile Type An Intermediate-Range Ballistic
Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) Mk-III & VL-Shtil Air Defence Missiles The Ministry of Defence signed contracts worth Rs. 5,083 crore for the procurement of six Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) Mk-III for the Indian Coast Guard and Surface-to-Air Vertical Launch-Shtil missiles for the Indian Navy. The contracts aim to strengthen India’s coastal surveillance, maritime operations, and naval air-defence capability. Key Procurement Details Component D
Agni-5 Ballistic Missile On 20th August 2025, India successfully test-fired the Agni-5 ballistic missile from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur in Balasore district, Odisha. The test was conducted under the aegis of the Strategic Forces Command, strengthening India’s long-range strategic deterrence capability. What is Agni-5? Aspect Details Missile Type An indigenously developed intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
Prithvi-II, Agni-I and Akash Prime Missiles On 16–17 July 2025, India successfully test-fired three important missile systems — Agni-I, Prithvi-II, and Akash Prime — from testing sites in Odisha and Ladakh. The tests demonstrated India’s growing strategic deterrence capability and advancements in high-altitude air-defence systems. What are Agni-I and Prithvi-II? Missile Key Details Agni-I A nuclear-capable surface-to-s
Agni-III Missile Test India successfully test-fired the Agni-III intermediate-range ballistic missile from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur in Odisha. The test was conducted on 6 February 2026 as part of a routine training exercise to validate operational preparedness. Key Details of Agni-III Aspect Details Missile Type A surface-to-surface intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). Developer Developed by the Def
Indian Army Signs Deal for ‘Suryastra’ On 3rd January 2026, under emergency procurement powers, the Indian Army signed a Rs. 293 crore contract with Pune-based NIBE Limited, in collaboration with Elbit Systems, for the supply of an advanced long-range universal rocket launcher system. The system, named Suryastra, is India’s first Made-in-India universal multi-calibre rocket launcher. Key Details of Suryastra Aspect Details Syste
Indigenous VTOL UAV ‘Rudrastra’ On 11th June 2025, the Indian Army successfully completed trials of the Rudrastra hybrid Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) UAV at Pokhran, Rajasthan. The UAV is designed for surveillance, reconnaissance, target engagement, and terrain mapping in challenging battlefield environments. What is Rudrastra? Aspect Details UAV Type A hybrid Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicle.
FPV Drones The Indian Army has inducted its first batch of indigenously developed First Person View (FPV) drones equipped with anti-tank payloads, marking a major advancement in India’s tactical drone warfare capability. These drones are designed for precision battlefield strikes and reflect evolving modern warfare trends seen in recent global conflicts. Development and Deployment Aspect Details Drone Type Indigenously developed First P
Gandiva In March 2025, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) renamed Astra Mk-III, India’s most advanced air-to-air missile, as Gandiva, after Arjuna’s legendary bow from the Mahabharata. The missile is expected to redefine Beyond Visual Range (BVR) aerial combat by combining long-range strike capability with advanced ramjet propulsion. Key Features of Gandiva Missile Feature Details Original Name Earlier know
SANJAY Battlefield Surveillance System On 24th January 2025, the Defence Minister inaugurated SANJAY, a cutting-edge Battlefield Surveillance System (BSS) designed to enhance the Indian Army’s real-time reconnaissance and decision-making capabilities. The system strengthens battlefield transparency by integrating surveillance inputs, analytics, and communication networks for faster operational decisions. Key Features of SANJAY Feature Details
HawkEye 360 In May 2025, the United States approved the $131 million sale of HawkEye 360 satellite surveillance technology to India. The system is expected to strengthen India’s maritime monitoring and domain awareness capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region. What Does HawkEye 360 Do? Feature Details Core Function Detects and maps radio frequency (RF) signals from ships, aircraft, and ground systems. Signal Detection Can
Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) On 23rd August 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully carried out maiden flight tests of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) off the Odisha coast. The system marks a major step toward building India’s first indigenous multi-layered air defence shield for protecting critical military and civilian installations. What is IADWS? Component Details Syst
VSHORADS On 1st February 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted three flight trials of the Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) from Chandipur off the coast of Odisha. The trials demonstrated the system’s precision in intercepting low-altitude aerial threats. What is VSHORADS? Component Details Full Form VSHORADS stands for Very Short-Range Air Defence System. System T
Atlas of Climate Adaptation in Indian Agriculture On 23rd January 2026, the Atlas of Climate Adaptation in Indian Agriculture was launched in New Delhi by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The launch marked a major step in India’s climate-resilient agriculture strategy and coincided with the 15-year review of the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) programme. What is NICRA? Aspect Details Full For
Gita and Natyashastra added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register On 17 April 2025, the Bhagavad Gita and Bharat Muni’s Natyashastra were inscribed in UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register. With this inclusion, India now has 14 entries in UNESCO’s prestigious documentary heritage register. The recognition highlights India’s contribution to global intellectual, philosophical and cultural traditions through ancient texts that shaped ethics, spirituality
‘Nafithromycin’: India’s First Indigenous Antibiotic On 18th October 2025, the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology announced that India has developed its first indigenous antibiotic, Nafithromycin, marking a historic milestone in the country’s pursuit of self-reliance in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors. Nafithromycin is the first antibiotic molecule to be conceptualised, developed, and clinically validated entir
India’s First Indigenous IBR Vaccine On 29th September 2025, Indian Immunologicals Limited launched India’s first indigenously developed glycoprotein E (gE) deleted DIVA marker vaccine against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), named Raksha-IBR. The vaccine enables differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals, supporting improved disease surveillance and control. Key Details of Raksha-IBR Aspect Details Vaccine Name
Microsoft Introduces Majorana 1 Quantum Chip On 19th February 2025, Microsoft introduced its new Majorana 1 quantum chip, claiming it brings quantum computing “years, not decades” closer, joining companies such as Google and IBM in predicting a faster technological breakthrough. The chip is designed to improve fault tolerance in quantum computing systems and reduce computational errors caused by unstable qubits. Importance of Quantum Computing Area
Project Waterworth On 15th February 2025, Facebook owner Meta announced Project Waterworth, an ambitious plan to build a 50,000 km-long undersea cable network, surpassing Earth’s circumference, to enhance global connectivity and support AI development. The project aims to strengthen the global digital highway through new subsea infrastructure and faster high-capacity data transfer systems. Key Features of Project Waterworth Aspect Details N
Ironwood: 7th-Generation TPU for AI Workloads Google recently introduced Ironwood, its seventh-generation Tensor Processing Unit (TPU), designed specifically to accelerate artificial intelligence (AI) models. Ironwood is the latest advancement in Google’s AI-focused hardware line, building on a legacy that started with the first TPU in 2015. What are Processing Units? Processing units are the “brains” of computers, handling tasks such as calculations, send
QpiAI-Indus Quantum Computer On 14th April 2025, QpiAI, one of the eight startups selected under India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM), announced the launch of QpiAI-Indus, a 25-qubit superconducting quantum computer, on World Quantum Day 2025. The launch marks a major milestone in India’s efforts to develop indigenous quantum computing capabilities and strengthen the national quantum ecosystem. Key Features of QpiAI-Indus Aspect Details
India Demonstrates Quantum Entanglement-Based Secure Communication On 16th June 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and IIT Delhi successfully demonstrated India’s first free-space quantum secure communication over a distance exceeding 1 km using quantum entanglement. The demonstration marks an important step in developing highly secure communication systems for defence, strategic communication, banking, and critical infrastructure. Key Achieve
BharatGen: Multilingual AI for Every Indian On 2nd June 2025, the Centre launched BharatGen, India’s first indigenously developed, government-funded, AI-based Multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) for Indian languages. The initiative aims to strengthen AI accessibility in Indian languages and promote inclusive digital innovation rooted in Indian values and ethics. What is BharatGen? Aspect Details Nature of the System A multilingual and
Hybrid Stochastic Computing In a global first, China has recently begun large-scale deployment of non-binary AI chips developed using a novel Hybrid Stochastic Number (HSN) computing method. The technology aims to improve AI hardware efficiency by combining the strengths of binary and stochastic computing approaches. What’s Special about Hybrid Stochastic Computing? Computing Method Description Key Characteristic Binary Logic Tradit
‘Project Suncatcher’ On 6th November 2025, Google revealed Project Suncatcher, an ambitious research initiative exploring the creation of solar-powered, satellite-based AI data centres in orbit, marking a major shift toward off-planet computing infrastructure. The project seeks to combine artificial intelligence infrastructure, space technology, and clean-energy innovation to address the growing energy demands of modern AI systems. Why Project Suncatcher is Importa
Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi) Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) has launched Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi) services nationwide to improve call connectivity for users facing weak or inconsistent mobile network coverage. The service is expected to strengthen telecom accessibility, especially in indoor locations and areas with poor cellular signal strength. What is Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi)? Aspect Details Full Form VoWiFi stands for Voice over Wi-Fi.
India-France Joint Defence Venture On 24th November 2025, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and France’s Safran Electronics & Defence (SED) signed a Joint Venture Cooperation Agreement (JVCA) to locally produce the HAMMER precision-guided air-to-ground weapon system in India. The agreement strengthens India-France defence industrial cooperation and supports India’s push toward defence indigenisation and advanced military manufacturing. India-France Defence Indus
India to Procure 26 Rafale-Marine Fighter Jets India has signed an agreement with France to procure 26 Rafale-Marine fighter jets for the Indian Navy, valued at approximately Rs. 63,000 crore. These jets will primarily operate from India’s indigenous aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, strengthening the Navy’s carrier-based aviation capability. About the Rafale-Marine Deal Aspect Details Total Aircraft India will procure 26 Rafale-Mari
India’s Landmark Rafale Deal India’s Ministry of Defence (MoD) has cleared a massive Rs. 3.25 trillion proposal for the procurement of 114 Rafale fighter jets to address the Indian Air Force’s critical fighter squadron shortage. The acquisition is intended to modernise the IAF’s combat fleet, replace ageing Soviet-era aircraft, and strengthen India’s air power against regional security challenges from China and Pakistan. Why the Deal is Important
DRDO’s Long-Duration Scramjet Test On 9th January 2026, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) achieved a major breakthrough in hypersonic missile technology by successfully conducting a long-duration ground test of its Actively Cooled Scramjet Full-Scale Combustor. The test demonstrates India’s growing capability in advanced propulsion systems needed for sustained hypersonic flight and next-generation missile technologies. Why is this Important?
Dhruv-NG Helicopter On 30th December 2025, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) successfully completed the inaugural flight of the Dhruv New Generation (Dhruv-NG) helicopter in Bengaluru, marking an important step toward its induction into the civil aviation market. The achievement highlights India’s growing capability in indigenous helicopter development and aerospace manufacturing. Key Developments Aspect Details Inaugural Flight HAL s
ERASR Anti-Submarine Rocket The successful user trials of the indigenous Extended Range Anti-Submarine Rocket (ERASR) were conducted from INS Kavaratti, a frontline warship of the Indian Navy. Following the successful trials, the Indian Navy is expected to induct the ERASR system to strengthen India’s anti-submarine warfare capability. Significance of ERASR Area Details Indigenous Development ERASR is an indigenously developed anti-subm
Astra BVR Missile On 11th July 2025, India successfully test fired the Astra Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile from a Su-30 Mk-I aircraft off the coast of Odisha. Astra is India’s first indigenous Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM), designed to engage and destroy highly manoeuvrable supersonic aerial targets. Key Details of Astra Missile Aspect Details Missile Type India’s first indigenous Beyond Visual Range Air
ASW Drones In March 2025, Indian firm Sagar Defence Engineering and Liquid Robotics, a Boeing subsidiary, signed an MoU to co-develop autonomous surface vessels for Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW). The initiative aims to strengthen maritime security and improve Undersea Domain Awareness (UDA) across the Indo-Pacific region. Key Features of the Partnership Aspect Details Main Objective Co-development of autonomous surface vessels for Anti-Submari
Naval Anti-Ship Missile (NASM-SR) On 25th February 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy successfully conducted flight trials of the Naval Anti-Ship Missile-Short Range (NASM-SR). The successful trials demonstrated advanced targeting, guidance, and retargeting capabilities for modern naval warfare operations. Key Features of NASM-SR Feature Description Missile Type A short-range anti-ship missile d
Extended Range Anti-Submarine Rocket (ERASR) India conducted successful user trials of the Extended Range Anti-Submarine Rocket (ERASR) from INS Kavaratti. The ERASR is a state-of-the-art underwater weapon system developed indigenously by DRDO to target hostile submarines. Key Details of ERASR Aspect Details Full Form ERASR stands for Extended Range Anti-Submarine Rocket. Weapon Type A state-of-the-art underwater weapon system
Tejas LCA Mk1A Fighter Jet On 17th October 2025, the Defence Minister unveiled the first Tejas LCA Mk1A fighter jet from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited’s (HAL) new Nashik production line. A second production line for the HTT-40 trainer aircraft was also inaugurated at the same facility. Key Details of the Nashik Production Facility Aspect Details Production Facility HAL’s new production line located in Nashik. Productio
Alaknanda Galaxy Indian astronomers analysing data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) identified a massive spiral galaxy named Alaknanda, dating back to a time when the Universe was only about 1.5 billion years old. The galaxy appears remarkably similar to the Milky Way, despite forming when the cosmos was only around 10% of its present age. What Makes This Discovery Unusual? Aspect Details Earlier Understanding Early galaxies were ge
Naval Communication Satellite CMS-03 On 2nd November 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched CMS-03, an advanced military communication satellite, aboard the LVM3-M5 rocket from Sriharikota. The mission marked a major enhancement in India’s maritime communication capabilities and strategic self-reliance in defence space infrastructure. Feature Details Satellite Type Dedicated naval communication satellite be
India to Establish Two New Telescopes in Ladakh In the Union Budget 2026–27, the Government of India approved a major expansion of ground-based astronomy infrastructure in Ladakh. The programme includes the establishment of two new mega-telescopes and the upgradation of the existing Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT). Major Telescope Projects Telescope / Facility Details National Large Solar Telescope (NLST) A high-resolution solar teles
BSL-4 Containment Facility in Gandhinagar On 13th January 2026, the Union Home Minister laid the foundation stone of a Bio-Safety Level-4 (BSL-4) Containment Facility and laboratory in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. This is only the second civilian BSL-4 laboratory in India after the National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune. In late 2024, DRDO established a dedicated defence-sector BSL-4 facility in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. What is a BSL-4 Facility? Aspect D
GlowCas9: A CRISPR Protein that Lights Up Gene Editing In December 2025, scientists at the Bose Institute, Kolkata developed GlowCas9, a novel CRISPR protein capable of emitting light while carrying out gene editing. The innovation introduces a new method to directly visualise genome editing activity in real time. What Makes GlowCas9 Special? Feature Details Real-time Visualisation GlowCas9 allows scientists to visualise genome editing activi
Brain-Computer Interface to Restore Natural Speech Researchers recently developed a breakthrough Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) capable of restoring naturalistic speech for individuals suffering from severe paralysis. The system converts brain activity directly into audible speech in near real time, marking a major advancement in assistive neurotechnology. Key Features of the BCI System Feature Details AI-driven Translation The BCI uses artif
“Transneuron” Recently, researchers developed a single artificial neuron called a “transneuron”, capable of replicating activity associated with multiple regions of the human brain. The breakthrough is considered a significant step toward machines with more human-like sensing, adaptability, and computational behaviour. What is a Transneuron? Feature Details Multi-functional Capability The transneuron can switch between
Miniature TnpB-based Genome Editing Tool Recently, Indian researchers created a hypercompact genome-editing system using TnpB proteins, offering a homegrown alternative to proprietary CRISPR-Cas technologies. What is the TnpB-based Genome Editing System? Aspect Details Nature of TnpB TnpB is a tiny, next-generation genome-editing enzyme that works like CRISPR but is far more compact. Working Mechanism It funct
Antibiotic-Producing Thermophilic Bacteria In a new breakthrough, researchers discovered thermophilic bacteria with strong antibiotic potential in the Rajgir hot spring located in Nalanda, Bihar. What are Thermophiles? Aspect Details Nature Thermophiles are heat-loving bacteria that thrive at temperatures between 45°–70°C. Habitat
World’s First Genome-Edited Rice Varieties On 5th May 2025, ICAR announced the release of two genome-edited rice varieties — ‘Kamala’ and ‘Pusa DST Rice 1’ — marking a major milestone in agricultural biotechnology. The development highlights the growing role of genome editing in improving crop productivity, stress tolerance, and climate resilience. Key Details Aspect Details Announceme
Scientists Discover Key to Delaying Female Fertility Decline In a groundbreaking study, scientists from the National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB) found a promising way to slow down ovarian aging, the natural decline in the number and quality of egg cells, or oocytes, in females. What the NIAB Study Found Finding Details Key Protein The study found that a protein called Cathepsin B (Cat B) plays a key role in speeding up ovarian aging
India’s First Polar Research Vessel Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) and Norway’s Kongsberg Oslo have signed a MoU for marking India’s first indigenous Polar Research Vessel (PRV). The vessel will be constructed in Kolkata under the guidance and design expertise of Kongsberg and the shipbuilding capabilities of GRSE. Key Details of the Polar Research Vessel Aspect Details Project Partners GRSE and Norway&rsqu
Maitri II: India’s Upcoming Antarctic Research Station The Finance Ministry recently approved the establishment of Maitri II, India’s newest Antarctic research base, to be constructed in eastern Antarctica with a financial outlay of Rs. 2,000 crore over seven years. The Goa-based National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), functioning under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), will oversee the mission. Key Details of Maitri II Aspect
Wet Tests of Matsya-6000 In February 2025, India successfully conducted wet tests of Matsya-6000, the country’s first manned deep-sea submersible, marking a major milestone under the Samudrayaan mission for deep-sea mineral exploration. The tests were aimed at ensuring system reliability before its 6,000-metre deep-sea mission in 2026. Human support and safety systems were assessed, ensuring 12-hour endurance under normal conditions and 96 hours in emergency scenarios.
Skin Diseases: A Global Public Health Priority On 24th May 2025, the 78th World Health Assembly (WHA) unanimously adopted a historic resolution titled “Skin diseases as a global public health priority”, the first resolution of its kind. Skin diseases affect nearly 1.9 billion people worldwide, yet the sector remains significantly underfunded. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) suffer the most from neglected skin diseases and limited access to proper dermatologica
WHO Declares Hepatitis D as Carcinogenic In July 2025, the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC) classified the hepatitis D virus (HDV) as carcinogenic to humans, highlighting its strong link to liver cancer and urging increased screening and access to treatments. What is Hepatitis D? Aspect Details Disease Type A liver infection caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). Dependence
New Drug Candidate to Tackle Deadly Superbugs In August 2025, researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee announced the development of a new drug candidate that could restore the effectiveness of critical antibiotics against one of the world’s most dangerous superbugs. The therapy is designed to combat infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, a top-priority drug-resistant pathogen identified by the World Health Organization (WHO). The Novel Molecul
9th Asian Winter Games Aspect Details Host City/Country Harbin, China. Mascots Binbin and Nini — tiger mascots. Table Topper China topped the medal tally with 85 medals — 32 gold, 27 silver and 26 bronze. Second Position Republic of Korea finished second with 45 medals — 16 gold, 15 silver and 14 bronze. India at the Event India sent its largest-ever contingent of 59 athlete
Expiry of New START Treaty The New START Treaty, the last major nuclear arms control agreement between the United States and Russia, expired on 5th February 2026. Its expiry ended binding limits on their strategic nuclear arsenals and raised global concerns about a renewed arms race. However, Russia’s foreign minister recently said that Moscow will continue to observe the limits set under the New START Treaty even after its expiry, as long as the United States follows th
Global Pandemic Treaty The WHO Pandemic Agreement was adopted by the World Health Assembly on 20 May 2025. It is a legally binding treaty aimed at improving global pandemic preparedness and response. Key Elements of the Draft Agreement Element Details Pathogen Access & Benefit Sharing Includes a system for equitable sharing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics during pandemics. Production Allocation Parties are requi
Convention on Cluster Munitions On 6th March 2025, Lithuania officially exited the Convention on Cluster Munitions, citing national security concerns. It became the first country to leave the convention and the first EU/NATO member to exit a multilateral arms-control agreement. What are Cluster bombs? Feature Explanation Explosive Weapons Cluster bombs scatter smaller bomblets over a wide area. Long-Term Danger Many bomblets r
INF Treaty On 4th August 2025, Russia formally declared that it would no longer observe the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. Russia cited the deployment of U.S. intermediate-range missiles in Europe and the Asia-Pacific as a direct security threat. What was the INF Treaty? Aspect Details Signing Signed in 1987 by US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Missile Range Covered Banned all lan
Ottawa Treaty on Landmines On 19th June 2025, Finland’s Parliament approved its withdrawal from the Ottawa Treaty, which bans anti-personnel landmines. Finland became the fifth European country to move out of the treaty framework, citing rising security concerns linked to Russia. What is the Ottawa Treaty? Aspect Details Official Name Formally known as the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention or the Ottawa Convention. Main Obj
Axiom-4 Mission On 15th July 2025, Indian astronaut Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla and three other crew members of the Axiom-4 mission safely returned to Earth after a 20-day mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Group Captain Shukla became the first Indian to visit the ISS and the second Indian in space after Rakesh Sharma in 1984. Aspect Details Mission Launch The Axiom-4 mission began on 25th June 2025 aboard a SpaceX rocket carryi
Fram2 Mission On 31st March 2025, SpaceX launched its sixth private astronaut mission, Fram2, from the Kennedy Space Centre in Cape Canaveral, Florida. It became the first human mission to orbit Earth in a polar trajectory, flying from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Aspect Details Mission Type SpaceX’s sixth private astronaut mission. Launch Site Kennedy Space Centre, Cape Canaveral, Florida. Historic First Firs
SPHEREx Mission On 11th March 2025, NASA launched the Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx). The mission was launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. Aspect Details Main Objective To study the origins of the universe, evolution of galaxies, and life-forming molecules in the Milky Way. Sky Mapping SPHEREx will create the mos
Lunar Trailblazer On 26th February 2025, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched the Lunar Trailblazer satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission focuses on studying the presence and movement of water on the Moon, especially near the lunar poles. Aspect Details Mission Objective Investigate the presence of water, including ice deposits in permanently shadowed craters near
Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX) Mission On 14th May 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) jointly commenced the preliminary design phase for Chandrayaan-5. The mission is aimed at detecting water on the lunar surface and subsurface through deeper India-Japan cooperation in lunar science. Key Points Aspect Details Mission Name Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX), also known as the Lunar Polar Exploration
TRACERS Mission NASA has launched the TRACERS mission, which stands for Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites. The mission is designed to study magnetic reconnection events caused by interactions between the Sun’s magnetic field and Earth’s magnetic field. Objective The mission aims to study the magnetic reconnection-energy burst that occurs when solar magnetic fields interact with Earth’s magnetic environment.
ISRO’s DUST Experiment (DEX) ISRO’s Dust Experiment (DEX), a 3-kg instrument developed by the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), has confirmed that an interplanetary dust particle strikes Earth’s atmosphere roughly every 1,000 seconds. This means an interplanetary dust particle enters Earth’s atmosphere approximately once every 16 minutes. Aspect
ISRO’s PSLV-C62 Mission On 12th January 2026, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched the PSLV-C62 mission from Sriharikota, carrying the EOS-N1 satellite and 15 co-passenger satellites. The mission later encountered an anomaly during the third stage of flight, leading to a detailed technical investigation. Aspect Details Launch Vehicle PSLV-C62 launched from Sriharikota carrying EOS-N1 and multiple co-passenger satellites.
Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) Module On 22nd August 2025, during the National Space Day celebrations in New Delhi, the first module of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) was unveiled. The development marks a major milestone in India’s long-term orbital research and human spaceflight ambitions. About BAS The Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) is India’s planned orbital space station intended to support astronaut stays, scientific research, technology demons
India’s First Commercial Earth Observation Satellite Constellation On 20th January 2026, a consortium led by Bengaluru-based Pixxel Space signed a Memorandum of Understanding with IN-SPACe to develop India’s first privately built national Earth Observation (EO) satellite constellation. The project marks a major step in India’s expanding commercial space ecosystem and private participation in satellite infrastructure. Aspect Details L
Himalayan Outpost for Planetary Exploration (HOPE) The Himalayan Outpost for Planetary Exploration (HOPE) is a specialised space analog facility established by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in Ladakh’s Tso Kar Valley. Inaugurated in August 2025, the facility is designed to simulate lunar and Martian environments for future interplanetary mission preparation. Aspect Details Location Located in Tso Kar Valley, Ladakh, at an alt
Aditya-L1 Helps Decode an Unusual Solar Superstorm On 9th December 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced that Aditya-L1, India’s first solar observatory, had captured an unusual solar superstorm linked to events that struck Earth in May 2024. The solar storm behaved in an unexpected manner, providing scientists with important new insights into solar activity and magnetic interactions in space. What Was Unusual About the May 2024 Solar Storm?
ISRO’s 100th Rocket Launch On 29th January 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully completed its 100th rocket launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. The mission deployed the NVS-02 navigation satellite into orbit aboard the GSLV-F15 launch vehicle. NavIC NavIC is India’s regional navigation system that provides accurate positioning services across India and up to 1,500 km beyond its borders. Navigation Sy
Digantara’s SCOT Mission Bengaluru-based space technology startup Digantara launched its Space Camera for Object Tracking (SCOT) mission aboard the SpaceX Transporter-12 mission in early 2025. The mission represents a major advancement in commercial space monitoring and orbital safety technologies. Mission Details Aspect Details Historic Significance SCOT is recognised as the world’s first commercial Space Situational Awareness (S
ISRO Successfully Grows Cowpea Seeds in Space In January 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) achieved a major milestone in space agriculture by successfully growing cowpea seeds in space. The experiment can support future long-duration human missions by improving understanding of plant growth in microgravity. Aspect Details Mission Link The experiments were part of the PSLV-C60 SpaDeX mission, launched on 30th December 2024.
Heaviest Satellite Launch by ISRO On 24th December 2025, India’s heavy-lift launcher LVM3-M6, popularly known as the “Baahubali” rocket, successfully placed BlueBird Block-2 belonging to AST SpaceMobile Inc. (USA) into Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The launch took place from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, further strengthening India’s position in the global heavy-launch market. About LVM3 Aspect Details Full Form LVM3 stands
Chandrayaan-3 Reveals Moon’s Active Plasma Environment Analysis of data from the RAMBHA-LP instrument onboard the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-3 revealed that the lunar South Pole’s electrical and plasma environment is far more active than previously understood. Einstein Ring On 10th February 2025, the European Space Agency’s Euclid space telescope unveiled a rare Einstein ring around galaxy NGC 6505, located about 590 million light-years from Earth. The r
Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) Vaccine The Union Health Minister launched the indigenously manufactured Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) vaccine at the Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli, one of India’s premier public sector vaccine manufacturing institutions. The vaccine will replace the Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine in line with global recommendations and guidelines of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI). With the formal launch, the Td va
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) On 20th February 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the U.S. President’s use of emergency powers to impose sweeping tariffs under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). The ruling clarified limits on presidential authority to regulate imports through emergency declarations. Aspect Details Supreme Court Ruling The Court struck down the use of emergency powers for impo
Israel Withdraws from UN Human Rights Council On 6th February 2025, Israel announced its withdrawal from the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), citing institutional bias against Israel. Israel accused the UNHRC of persistent bias since its inception in 2006, following repeated allegations of human rights violations in Gaza. Aspect Details Withdrawal Date Israel announced its withdrawal from the UNHRC on 6th February 2025. Rea
Jakarta Becomes the World’s Most Populated City On 27th November 2025, the UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2025 report declared Jakarta the world’s most populated city with an estimated 42 million residents, overtaking Tokyo. The rankings reflect a revised UN methodology applying consistent global criteria for defining urban areas. Aspect Details UN Report The findings were published in the World Urbanisation Prospects 2025 report.
India-UK Social Security Agreement On 10th February 2026, India and the United Kingdom signed a Social Security Agreement in New Delhi to avoid dual social security contributions for employees on temporary overseas assignments. The agreement seeks to facilitate labour mobility while reducing financial burden on employers and employees working abroad temporarily. Key Features of the Agreement Aspect Details Main Objective Prevents employees an
India-US Interim Trade Agreement Framework On 7th February 2026, India and the United States announced a framework for an Interim Trade Agreement to advance negotiations on a broader Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA). The framework aims to improve market access, strengthen supply chains, and deepen economic cooperation between the two countries. Key Agreements Area Details Tariff Reductions India will reduce or eliminate tariffs on U.S. industr
India-UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement On 24th July 2025, India and the United Kingdom signed the historic Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), marking a new phase in bilateral economic cooperation. The agreement combines trade liberalisation, professional mobility, services access, and social security relief within a broad strategic economic framework. India-UK CETA: Key Highlights Area Details Goods Trade Provides
Australia-Canada-India Technology and Innovation (ACITI) Partnership On 22nd November 2025, the Prime Minister of India announced the launch of the Australia-Canada-India Technology and Innovation (ACITI) Partnership. The announcement came after meetings with the Australian and Canadian counterparts on the sidelines of the G20 Leaders’ Summit in Johannesburg. Key Areas of Cooperation under ACITI Cooperation Area Focus Critical & Emergin
India and Brazil to Expand Trade Pact under Mercosur Bloc On 16th October 2025, India and Brazil agreed to expand the scope of their existing Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) under the Mercosur bloc. The move aims to strengthen economic cooperation and expand trade relations between India and Latin American markets. WHAT IS MERCOSUR? Aspect Details Full Form Mercosur stands for Southern Common Market. Member Countries Brazil
India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement On 22nd December 2025, India and New Zealand concluded negotiations for a landmark Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The agreement became one of India’s fastest-concluded FTAs since negotiations began in March 2025. Key Highlights of the Agreement Area Details Market Access Provides zero-duty access on 100% of Indian exports to New Zealand from Entry into Force. Investment Commitment New
India-EU Free Trade Agreement On 27th January 2026, at the 16th India-EU Summit, India and the European Union concluded negotiations on the long-pending India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The agreement was finalised nearly two decades after negotiations first began, reflecting a major shift in India-EU economic relations. India-EU Trade Profile at a Glance Area Details Bilateral Trade India-EU merchandise trade stood at $137 billion in 2024
Industrial Growth The government has identified seven strategic and frontier sectors to scale up manufacturing and reduce import dependencies. The focus is on strengthening high-tech manufacturing, critical minerals, chemical clusters, biopharma, semiconductors and container manufacturing. Initiative Details Biopharma SHAKTI A healthcare advancement strategy with an outlay of Rs. 10,000 crore over five years, aimed at making India a hub for biolog
Empowerment of MSMEs and Service Sectors MSMEs are recognised as the “engine of growth” and are being supported through a three-pronged strategy focused on equity, liquidity and professional assistance. The budget also places emphasis on strengthening the services sector, creative economy and employment-oriented growth. Initiative Details SME Growth Fund A dedicated Rs. 10,000 crore fund has been created to provide equity support to pr
Agriculture & Rural Development The budget focuses on increasing farmer incomes through high-value crops, AI-driven advisory and rural enterprise development. The emphasis is on productivity enhancement, crop diversification, women-led rural enterprises and integrated fisheries development. Initiative Details Coconut Promotion Scheme The scheme aims to enhance productivity for nearly 10 million farmers dependent on coconut farming.
Infrastructure: Connectivity and Urban Growth The “Reform Express” vision focuses on modernising India’s physical and digital infrastructure through high-speed connectivity, waterways and urban economic development. The strategy aims to strengthen logistics efficiency, regional growth, multimodal transport and sustainable urbanisation. Project Details High-Speed Rail Corridors Seven high-speed rail corridors are proposed, includi
Social Welfare: Health, Education, and Inclusion Human capital development remains central to the “Second Kartavya”, with focus on health, education, care services and inclusion. The social welfare push aims to strengthen healthcare capacity, support elderly care, promote medical value tourism and improve women’s participation in STEM education. Scheme / Focus Area Details Allied Health Professionals The budget proposes creation
Tax Reforms Part B of the Budget speech introduced the Income Tax Act, 2025, replacing the older Income-tax Act, 1961 with effect from 1 April 2026. The reforms focus on tax simplification, digital compliance, rationalisation of tax rates and customs duty reductions to support investment, trade and economic efficiency. Reform Area Details Income Tax Act, 2025 The new Act replaces the 1961 Income-tax Act and comes into effect from April 1, 2026.
Energy Security and Climate Action Aligning with India’s Net Zero goals, the budget introduces new technologies and incentives to decarbonise industry. The focus is on carbon capture, renewable fuels, battery storage and solar-linked inputs to strengthen clean energy transition. Initiative Details CCUS Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage has received an outlay of Rs. 20,000 crore over five years. Industrial Readiness The
Financial Sector & Governance The budget focuses on strengthening fiscal federalism, financial sector reforms, municipal financing and trade facilitation. It reflects a structured Kartavya-driven governance approach, positioning Yuva Shakti as a major driver of India’s long-term development vision. Reform Area Details 16th Finance Commission The government accepted the recommendation to retain vertical tax devolution to states at 41%.
‘Board of Peace’ On 22nd January 2026, the U.S. President formally launched the ‘Board of Peace’. The initiative began as a Gaza-focused reconstruction and ceasefire body, but its mandate has expanded toward global conflict resolution and stability promotion. Aspect Details Nature of Body The Board of Peace is a US-initiated multilateral body originally mandated to oversee Gaza’s post-war reconstruction and ceasefire
U.S. Action in Venezuela: Oil, Sovereignty & International Law On 3rd January 2026, the U.S. carried out a military operation in Venezuela and captured President Nicolás Maduro. The U.S. accused him of working with drug cartels and claimed that Venezuela posed a security threat, making the action controversial under sovereignty and international law principles. Issue Details Violation of Article 2(4) The U.S. use of military force again
UK Transfers Sovereignty of Chagos Islands to Mauritius On 22nd May 2025, the United Kingdom agreed to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius. The agreement ends decades of British control over the Indian Ocean archipelago, while retaining strategic military arrangements over Diego Garcia. Aspect Details Sovereignty Transfer The UK agreed to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius after decades of British control.
World’s Largest Dam on Brahmaputra On 19th July 2025, China began constructing a mega dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo in Medog county near Arunachal Pradesh. With a planned capacity of 60,000 MW, the project is expected to become the world’s largest hydroelectric dam, surpassing the Three Gorges Dam. Concern Details Threat to Arunachal Pradesh India views the dam as a growing threat to the northeastern frontier because sudden water releases
Nicaragua Withdraws from UNESCO On 4th May 2025, Nicaragua formally withdrew from UNESCO. The withdrawal came after UNESCO announced that the 2025 Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize would be awarded to La Prensa, a prominent Nicaraguan newspaper critical of President Ortega. Aspect Details Withdrawal Date Nicaragua formally withdrew from UNESCO on 4th May 2025. Immediate Trigger The decision followed UNESCO’s announceme
Israel Recognises Somaliland as an Independent State On 26th December 2025, Israel became the second United Nations member state to officially recognise the Republic of Somaliland as an independent and sovereign state. The recognition has renewed debates over statehood, sovereignty, territorial integrity and international recognition in the Horn of Africa. Aspect Details Recognition by Israel Israel officially recognised Somaliland as an independe
CPEC Extension to Afghanistan: Strategic Concerns for India On 21st May 2025, China and Pakistan formally agreed to expand the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) into Afghanistan. The move marks a major strategic development in the region and has sparked strong opposition from India due to sovereignty, security and connectivity concerns. Concern Details Regional Convergence The expansion marks the first major regional convergence between Tali
CPEC Extension to Afghanistan: Strategic Concerns for India On 21st May 2025, China and Pakistan formally agreed to expand the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) into Afghanistan. The move marks a major strategic development in the region and has sparked strong opposition from India due to sovereignty, security and connectivity concerns. Concern Details Regional Convergence The expansion marks the first major regional convergence between Tali
Net Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA) Shuts Down On 3rd October 2025, the global banking industry’s Net Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA) announced that it would cease operations and officially dissolve. The shutdown followed high-profile exits by major US banks and rising political pressure amid weakening global climate commitments. Aspect Details Closure Announcement NZBA announced its dissolution on 3rd October 2025 after major member exits and gro
Washington Accords for Peace and Prosperity On 4th December 2025, the US President hosted the signing of the Washington Accords for Peace and Prosperity between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Republic of Rwanda in Washington, DC. The accords seek to reduce long-standing conflict, promote economic cooperation and establish the foundation for peace in Africa’s Great Lakes region. Aspect Details Agreement The Washington Acco
US Withdraws From 66 International Organisations In January 2026, the United States President signed an executive order withdrawing the US from 66 international organisations, agencies and commissions. The decision triggered strong global reactions and raised concerns about the future of multilateral cooperation. Aspect Details Executive Order The order withdrew the US from 66 international organisations, agencies and commissions. Reas
National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025 On 18th November 2025, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025. NIC 2025 updates the 2008 framework and aligns India’s industrial classification system with the United Nations’ International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Revision 5. Aspect Details Objective NIC 2025 standardises economic activity
District-Led Textiles Transformation (DLTT) Initiative On 8th January 2026, the Ministry of Textiles unveiled the District-Led Textiles Transformation (DLTT) Initiative at the National Textile Ministers Conference in Guwahati, Assam. The initiative aims to strengthen district-level textile development by creating export champions, self-reliant textile hubs, and inclusive growth across India’s textile landscape. Aspect Details Initiative DLTT
Tex-RAMPS Scheme The Government of India has approved the Textiles Focused Research, Assessment, Monitoring, Planning and Start-up (Tex-RAMPS) Scheme to strengthen research, innovation and competitiveness in the textile sector. The scheme will support long-term textile sector development through improved research capacity, monitoring systems and start-up support mechanisms. Aspect Details Full Form Tex-RAMPS stands for Textiles Focused Research, A
Great Nicobar Island Mega-infrastructure Project On 16th February 2026, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) upheld the environmental clearance for the Great Nicobar mega-infrastructure project. The project aims to transform Great Nicobar Island into a major economic and strategic hub near the Malacca Strait, one of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. Aspect Details Project Overview The Great Nicobar Project is a planned mega-infrastructure pro
Great Nicobar Island Mega-infrastructure Project On 16th February 2026, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) upheld the environmental clearance for the Great Nicobar mega-infrastructure project. The project aims to transform Great Nicobar Island into a major economic and strategic hub near the Malacca Strait, one of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. Aspect Details Project Overview The Great Nicobar Project is a planned mega-infrastructure pro
Vizhinjam Seaport: India’s First Deep-Water Container Transshipment Port On 2nd May 2025, the Prime Minister inaugurated the Vizhinjam International Seaport in Kerala, positioning India as a major transshipment hub. The port aims to reduce India’s dependence on foreign transshipment ports through advanced infrastructure, natural depth and proximity to international shipping routes. Aspect Details Port Location Vizhinjam International S
Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited: India’s First Maritime NBFC On 26th June 2025, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) inaugurated Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited (SMFCL). SMFCL has been positioned to support India’s maritime infrastructure development and strengthen the country’s long-term port-led growth strategy under the Amrit Kaal Vision 2047. Aspect Details Organisation Sagarmala Finance Corporati
Multi Modal Logistics Park On 30th April 2025, the Multi Modal Logistics Park Limited, Nagpur (MMLP Nagpur) at Sindi, Maharashtra commenced its commercial operations. The project aims to establish a faster logistics link and improve intermodal freight movement through better warehousing, cargo handling and transport connectivity. Aspect Details Project Multi Modal Logistics Park Limited, Nagpur is a logistics infrastructure project developed to su
Macro-Economic Overview The Survey revises India’s medium-term potential growth rate upward and reaffirms India’s position as the fastest-growing major economy. The revision reflects the impact of structural reforms, higher public capital expenditure and expanding digital infrastructure. Indicator Details Real GDP Growth Real GDP growth is estimated at 7.4% for FY26, surpassing previous projections. Potential Growth Rate
Monetary Management and Financial Sector India’s banking sector is currently witnessing its best financial health in a decade, supported by the “Twin Balance Sheet Advantage”. Improvements in asset quality, capital adequacy and financial sector reforms have strengthened overall monetary and banking stability. Aspect Details Banking Health The banking sector is experiencing its strongest position in a decade under the “Twin
Fiscal Developments India has shown remarkable fiscal resilience, supported by improved fiscal indicators and stronger revenue performance. In 2025, India also earned a sovereign credit rating upgrade from S&P to BBB, strengthening investor confidence. Aspect Details Fiscal Deficit Target India is on track to reach a fiscal deficit of 4.4% in FY26, while the budget estimate for FY27 is 4.3%. Debt-to-GDP Ratio The debt-to-GDP ra
Prices and Inflation India has recorded one of the sharpest declines in headline inflation among major emerging market economies. The moderation in inflation has been supported mainly by sharp disinflation in food prices and softer retail price pressures. Indicator Details Headline CPI Headline CPI inflation declined to 1.7% in FY26 (April–December) due to sharp disinflation in food prices. Core Inflation Core inflation appea
Agriculture and Food Management The Survey highlights a “Goldilocks combination” in agriculture, supported by timely monsoons, high reservoir levels and record production. Agriculture continues to be supported by strong allied-sector growth, while policy attention remains focused on productivity, food security and digital transformation. Aspect Details Agricultural Growth Agricultural growth is estimated at 3.1% for FY26. A
Services The services sector contributes more than 50% of India’s Gross Value Added (GVA) and continues to remain the mainstay of economic growth. India is witnessing expansion in Global Capability Centres, creative industries and the space economy, strengthening the services-led growth model. Aspect Details Services Contribution Services contribute more than 50% of India’s GVA, making the sector the primary driver of growth.
External Sector India’s total exports of goods and services reached a record USD 825 billion in FY25. The external sector remained supported by moderate current account deficit, strong forex reserves, high remittances and export diversification. Aspect Details Total Exports India’s goods and services exports reached a record USD 825 billion in FY25. Current Account Deficit The current account deficit moderated to 0.8% o
Industry India’s industrial strategy is increasingly shifting from simple assembly operations toward High-Tech Manufacturing and Strategic Indispensability. The focus is on strengthening domestic manufacturing capabilities, improving quality standards and building resilience in critical global supply chains. Aspect Details Industrial Focus The industrial sector is moving toward high-tech manufacturing and strengthening India’s position
Macroeconomic Framework and Fiscal Consolidation The budget is built on a decade of macroeconomic stability, with India maintaining a steady growth rate of approximately 7% despite global disruptions. The fiscal roadmap focuses on deficit reduction, debt consolidation, higher public investment and continued support for long-term growth. Fiscal Indicator Details Fiscal Deficit Target The government reached its previous goal of reducing the fiscal d
The Vision: Yuva Shakti and the Three Kartavyas The Budget 2026-27 is the first budget prepared in the newly named Kartavya Bhawan. The budget framework is guided by three core duties or Kartavyas, focusing on growth, youth empowerment and inclusive development. Kartavya Details First Kartavya Accelerate and sustain economic growth by enhancing productivity. Second Kartavya Fulfill aspirations and build the capacity of the youth, m
Revised Criteria for Classifying MSMEs On 21st March 2025, the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises revised the classification criteria for MSMEs. The revised MSME classification criteria came into effect from 1st April 2025, increasing both investment and turnover thresholds across enterprise categories. Enterprise Category Earlier Investment Limit Revised Investment Limit Earlier Turnover Limit Revised Turnover Limit Micro Ent
Startup India 2.0: Revised Recognition Framework 2026 The Government has overhauled the Startup India Action Plan, originally launched on 16 January 2016, to mark its second decade of implementation. Managed by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), the revised 2026 framework aims to promote high-tech innovation, rural entrepreneurship, and long-term “patient capital”. Aspect Details Revised Framework The
States’ Startup Ecosystem Ranking On 16th January 2026, the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) released the 5th Edition of States’ Startup Ecosystem Ranking. The ranking promotes competitive federalism by assessing States and Union Territories on startup policy, incubation, funding, market access and innovation support. Aspect Details Ranking Framework States and Union Territories were divided into two broa
Decarbonising MSMEs: Roadmap for Green Transition NITI Aayog unveiled the roadmap titled “Decarbonising MSMEs: Roadmap for Green Transition” on 21st January 2026. The 10-year action plan aims to guide nearly 69 million MSMEs toward India’s 2070 net-zero target through energy efficiency, green electricity and alternative fuels. Aspect Details Objective The roadmap seeks to support MSMEs in transitioning toward low-carbon growth an
TEAM Initiative On 29th January 2025, the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, in collaboration with the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), launched the MSME Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) Initiative. The initiative aims to strengthen the digital commerce participation of MSMEs by improving onboarding, market access, payments, logistics and capacity-building support. Aspect Details Initiative TEAM stands for MSME Trade
Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs On 29th January 2025, the Central Government approved the Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs (MCGS-MSMEs). The scheme aims to strengthen MSME access to institutional credit by providing 60% guarantee coverage for loans sanctioned towards purchase of equipment and machinery. Aspect Details Objective The scheme aims to improve credit availability for MSMEs by reducing lending risk for financial institut
ADEETIE Scheme On 15th July 2025, the Union Ministry of Power launched the ADEETIE Scheme at a national rollout event in Panipat, Haryana. The scheme targets energy efficiency improvements in India’s industrial sector, particularly MSME-dominated industrial clusters, and is being implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). Aspect Details Full Form ADEETIE stands for Assistance in Deploying Energy Efficient Technologies in Industrie
WEF Expands IR 4.0 Ecosystem On 22nd January 2026, the World Economic Forum (WEF) announced the establishment of five new Centres for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), including one in Andhra Pradesh, India. The expansion strengthens the global IR 4.0 ecosystem focused on emerging technologies, energy transition, cyber resilience and innovation governance. Aspect Details New Centres The WEF announced five new C4IR centres in France, the Uni
India Enhances Domestic Rare Earth Ecosystem The Union Budget 2026-27 has emphasised India’s self-reliance in critical materials by supporting domestic rare earth value chains. The new corridor-based approach complements the approved Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets and aims to build integrated industrial ecosystems. Aspect Details Rare Earth Corridors Rare Earth Corridors are integrated, state-anchore
Limestone Classified as a Major Mineral On 14th October 2025, the Ministry of Mines issued a notification classifying Limestone completely as a major mineral. Earlier, limestone was classified as both a major and minor mineral depending on its end use. The revised classification brings it fully under the major mineral category. Aspect Details Notification The Ministry of Mines notified that limestone will now be classified entirely as a major mine
Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets On 26th November 2025, the Union Cabinet approved the Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets. The scheme aims to build domestic capacity for integrated production of rare earth permanent magnets, from oxides to finished magnets, and reduce import dependence in strategic sectors. Aspect Details Scheme Aim The scheme aims to establish 6,000 MTP
State Mining Readiness Index On 16th October 2025, the Ministry of Mines released the State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) and State rankings. The index is a major step to encourage mining sector reforms in States and strengthen competitive federalism in mineral governance. Aspect Details What is SMRI? SMRI is a framework to assess and rank Indian States based on their reform-readiness, operational efficiency and sustainability practices in the non
National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025 On 18th November 2025, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the National Industrial Classification (NIC) 2025. NIC 2025 updates the 2008 framework and aligns India’s industrial classification system with the United Nations’ International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Revision 5. Aspect Details Objective NIC 2025 standardises economic activity
RBI Guidelines on Digital Banking Channels On 28th November 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the Master Directions titled ‘Digital Banking Channels Authorisation’. The Directions came into effect on 1st January 2026 and aim to standardise and regulate India’s expanding digital banking ecosystem. Aspect Details Applicability The Directions apply to commercial banks, including the State Bank of India, but exclude Smal
RBI Draft Revised Guidelines for Lead Bank Scheme (LBS) On 13 February 2026, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued draft revised guidelines for the Lead Bank Scheme (LBS) and invited public comments. The revision aims to strengthen district-level banking coordination and improve credit planning, financial inclusion, and monitoring mechanisms. Aspect Details Lead Bank Scheme The Lead Bank Scheme is a framework for district-level banking coordinati
Standing Deposit Facility On 9th April 2025, RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra expressed concern that banks were increasingly parking surplus funds in the Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) instead of lending them in the market. The SDF is an important liquidity management tool used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF). Aspect Details What is SDF? The Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) is a liquidity management too
RBI Introduces STRIPS in State Government Securities On 12th June 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) formally introduced the facility of stripping and reconstitution in the State Government Securities (SGS) market. The move aims to deepen the bond market, improve liquidity, and expand investment options for institutions requiring predictable cash flows. Aspect Details What are STRIPS? STRIPS involve splitting a standard coupon-bearing governmen
RBI Approves Risk-Based Deposit Insurance Framework for Banks On 19th December 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved a risk-based deposit insurance framework for banks at its 620th board meeting. The reform aims to incentivise prudent banking behaviour and reduce moral hazard by rewarding well-managed financial institutions. Aspect Details Deposit Insurance Deposit insurance protects bank depositors against the risk of losing their deposi
Reserve Bank - Integrated Ombudsman Scheme, 2026 On 16th January 2026, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued the revised Reserve Bank - Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), 2026. The scheme provides a cost-effective, expeditious, and non-adversarial grievance redress mechanism for complaints against regulated financial entities. Aspect Details Purpose of Scheme RB-IOS provides an alternative grievance redress mechanism for resolving complaints a
Foreign Currency Settlement System for GIFT IFSC On 7th October 2025, the Centre launched a Foreign Currency Settlement System (FCSS) at the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in GIFT City. The system is designed to support real-time settlement of foreign currency transactions within the IFSC and reduce dependence on older correspondent banking channels. Aspect Details FCSS The Foreign Currency Settlement System is a real-time payment
CBDC-based Digital Food Coupon On 14th February 2026, the Union Government launched a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)-based Digital Food Currency pilot in Gujarat. The initiative has been launched in collaboration with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Gujarat government under the Public Distribution System (PDS). Aspect Details Digital Food Coupon Under the CBDC framework, food coupons can be issued through the RBI and credited directl
Common Contract Note The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has deferred the rollout of the Common Contract Note (CCN) for Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) to 1 July 2025. The implementation was earlier scheduled for 30 April 2025. The reform aims to streamline reporting and trade documentation across stock exchanges. Aspect Details Contract Note A contract note is a legal document issued by brokers to investors summarising all trades
Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0 On 13th February 2026, the Union Cabinet approved the establishment of the Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0 (FoF 2.0) with a corpus of Rs. 10,000 crore. The initiative has been launched under the broader Startup India programme to strengthen India’s startup ecosystem and deepen access to growth capital. Aspect Details FoF 2.0 Approval The Union Cabinet approved the Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0 with a total c
MSMEs: Core of India’s Global Growth Strategy The Union Budget 2026-27 places Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) at the centre of India’s growth strategy with a major focus on competitiveness, exports, employment and financing support. The Budget introduces a three-pronged strategy covering equity support, liquidity support, and professional support to help MSMEs emerge as globally competitive enterprises. Aspect Details SME Growt
Rongali Bihu Rongali Bihu, also known as Bohag Bihu, is celebrated across Assam in mid-April. It marks the Assamese New Year and the beginning of the agricultural season. The festival represents agricultural renewal, community celebrations, cultural traditions and the vibrant social identity of Assam. Aspect Details Major Festival Rongali Bihu is one of the most important festivals of Assam, observed during the month of Bohag or April.
Madhavpur Ghed Fair Madhavpur Mela is a religio-cultural fair taking place every year in Madhavpur, a village on the Porbandar coast in Gujarat. The fair reflects a unique blend of mythology, pilgrimage traditions and cultural connections between western and northeastern India. Aspect Details Temple Association Madhavpur village has temples of Madhavraiji or Lord Krishna and his consort Rukmini, believed to have been built in the 15th century.
Nagoba Jatara Nagoba Jatara is an eight-day holy pilgrimage event of the Mesram clan of Adivasi Gonds, held in January-February in Keslapur village, Adilabad district, Telangana. The festival is an important expression of tribal faith, clan identity and inter-state cultural participation among Gond communities and related tribal groups. Aspect Details Tribal Festival It is one of the most important tribal pilgrimage festivals of Telangana.
150 Years of Vande Mataram The Prime Minister inaugurated year-long celebrations marking 150 years of Vande Mataram on 7th November 2025. Vande Mataram became one of the most powerful patriotic expressions of India’s freedom struggle, linking literature, nationalism, revolutionary movements and the making of modern Indian identity. Aspect Details Date of Creation The song was written by Bankimchandra Chatterji on the auspicious day of Akshay
1,000 Years of Rajendra Chola’s Legendary Maritime Expedition The Ministry of Culture celebrated the Aadi Thiruvathirai Festival from 23rd to 27th July 2025 to mark the 1,000th anniversary of Rajendra Chola I’s maritime expedition to Southeast Asia. The festival also honoured Tamil Shaiva Bhakti traditions, especially the 63 Nayanmars, saint-poets who received patronage under the Chola dynasty. Aspect Details Rajendra Chola I Rajendra
200th Birth Anniversary of Dadabhai Naoroji On 4th September 2025, the nation paid tribute to Dadabhai Naoroji on his 200th birth anniversary. He is remembered as the “Grand Old Man of India”, a pioneer socialist, a major nationalist thinker and one of the earliest critics of colonial economic exploitation. Aspect Details Early Academic Role Dadabhai Naoroji became the first Indian professor at Elphinstone College in 1845.
NITI Aayog Fiscal Health Index 2026 NITI Aayog recently released the second edition of the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2026, evaluating state finances for FY 2023-24. The assessment is based on five pillars: quality of expenditure, revenue mobilization, fiscal prudence, debt index, and sustainability. Aspect Details Expanded Scope For the first time, the index included 10 North-Eastern and Himalayan states along with 18 major states, making the asse
CAG Report on Rising Public Debt On 4th September 2025, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) released a decadal analysis of the fiscal health of India’s 28 states. The report highlighted a sharp rise in public debt over the last decade, indicating a heavier fiscal burden on state finances. Aspect Details Report Focus The CAG report presented a decadal analysis of state finances and examined the rising public debt of India’s 28 sta
Capital Gains Accounts (Second Amendment) Scheme, 2025 The Capital Gains Accounts (Second Amendment) Scheme, 2025 was issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) on 19 November 2025. The amendment modernises and digitises the Capital Gains Account Scheme (CGAS), 1988 by expanding banking access, enabling digital transactions, and simplifying documentation procedures. Aspect Details Expanded Tax Scope The amendment formally includes Section
National Monetisation Pipeline 2.0 (NMP 2.0) On 23rd February 2026, the Union Government launched the National Monetisation Pipeline 2.0 (NMP 2.0), developed by NITI Aayog. The initiative operationalises the Asset Monetisation Plan 2025-30 announced in the Union Budget 2025-26 and aims to recycle public assets to support fresh infrastructure investment. Aspect Details Monetisation Potential The monetisation potential of NMP 2.0 is estimated at Rs.
Salkhan Fossil Park Added to UNESCO Tentative List Recently, Salkhan Fossil Park, also known as Sonbhadra Fossils Park, was added to UNESCO’s Tentative List of World Heritage Sites. It is located in the Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The park is important for its ancient stromatolite fossils, which preserve evidence of early microbial life and make the site globally significant from a geological and evolutionary perspective. Aspect Details
Sacred Piprahwa Relics of Buddha On 3 January 2026, the Prime Minister inaugurated the Thailand International Exposition of Sacred Piprahwa Relics related to Bhagwan Buddha in New Delhi. The Piprahwa relics are considered highly significant for India’s Buddhist heritage because of their religious, archaeological and cultural importance. They are associated with relics believed to be connected with Lord Buddha himself. Aspect Details Sacred Relic
Ratadiya Ri Dheri: A New Harappan Site Recently, archaeologist Dilip Kumar Saini unearthed an ancient Harappan site at Ratadiya Ri Dheri in the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. The site provides fresh evidence of Harappan presence in the arid region of western Rajasthan. The discovery is significant because it expands the known geographical spread of the Indus Valley Civilization into desert regions and highlights the existence of rural Harappan settlements in western Rajasthan.
Tamil Nadu: Birthplace of the Iron Age A study titled “Antiquity of Iron: Recent Radiometric Dates from Tamil Nadu” suggested that iron technology in Tamil Nadu may date back to 3345 BCE, reshaping Indian and global narratives about the beginning of the Iron Age. The findings position Tamil Nadu as a key centre in the early history of metallurgy and challenge older assumptions about where and when iron technology first emerged. Aspect Details
Evidence Found on Early Metallurgy in Dima Hasao A recent archaeological reconnaissance survey in the Dima Hasao district of Assam has shed light on early metallurgy in the region. The discovery provides important evidence of iron-working and settlement activity in Northeast India. The findings strengthen the understanding of early metallurgical traditions in the region and indicate that organised iron production and habitation activities existed in Dima Hasao. Aspec
Gundaram Inscriptions in Telangana Recently, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) documented important inscriptions near the Gundaram Reserve Forest in Telangana. These inscriptions provide valuable evidence about early political history, social relations and regional cultural connections. The findings are important for understanding early Deccan political developments and reconstructing the historical landscape of Telangana and adjoining regions. Aspect Deta
Zenapora Stupa Excavations: Uncovering Buddhist Heritage of Ancient Kashmir Recently, a major Buddhist monastic complex dating back nearly 2,000 years was excavated at Zenapora in Kashmir. The discovery highlights Kashmir’s role as an important Buddhist cultural and religious centre in ancient India. The site reflects ancient Kashmir’s connection with Buddhist monastic traditions, Kushan-period patronage and wider Gandharan artistic networks. Aspect D
Sarhul Festival The tribal communities in Jharkhand and the larger Chhotanagpur region celebrate the New Year and the arrival of spring with the Sarhul festival. The festival reflects deep-rooted traditions of nature worship, sacred groves and community-based tribal cultural practices across eastern and central India. Aspect Det
Ramman Festival On 3rd November 2025, President Droupadi Murmu attended a special session of the Uttarakhand Assembly, where Speaker Ritu Khanduri Bhushan presented her with a Ramman mask and a book on the centuries-old Ramman festival celebrated in the state’s Garhwal region. Ramman represents a rich blend of ritual traditions, folk performance, mythology and village identity rooted in the cultural landscape of the Garhwal Himalayas. Aspect Details
Kaavi Art Goa showcased Kaavi Art through its tableau during the Republic Day Parade on 26 January 2025. It is a traditional mural art form associated with the Konkan region, especially old temples and sacred structures in Goa. Kaavi Art is known for its distinctive reddish appearance created from natural laterite soil. The craft reflects the cultural, religious and architectural traditions of the Konkan region and remains closely linked with heritage temple structures.
Dokra Artwork During his visit to France from 10–12 February 2025, India’s Prime Minister gifted Dokra Art pieces to the French President. Dokra is a traditional bell-metal craft practised by tribal and artisan communities in different parts of India. The craft is known for its rustic metal finish, handmade appearance and use of the ancient lost-wax casting method. It reflects one of India’s oldest continuing metal-craft traditions. Aspect Detai
Etikoppaka Toy Craft Eco-friendly toys from Andhra Pradesh were showcased in the Republic Day Parade on 26 January 2025. Etikoppaka toys are traditional toys made by artisans of Etikoppaka village, located on the banks of the Varaha River in Visakhapatnam district. The craft is known for its use of soft wood, natural dyes and the lacquer-turning technique, giving the toys a smooth, glossy and eco-friendly finish. Aspect Details Origin Etikoppaka t
Terracotta Craft Village of Assam In the 2026 Republic Day Parade, Assam’s tableau showcased Asharikandi’s terracotta heritage. Asharikandi, located in the Dhubri district of Assam, is one of India’s largest and famous clusters for terracotta and pottery. The craft tradition reflects Assam’s rural artisan culture and long-standing clay-based heritage. The village is especially known for handcrafted terracotta figures and pottery made using locally available cl
New GI Logo Recognition for Kashmir Carpets On 7 February 2025, the Kashmir hand-knotted carpet “Kal baffi” received a new GI logo from the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai. This strengthens the authenticity and market identity of Kashmir’s traditional carpet craft. Kashmir carpets are globally known for their intricate hand-knotting, Persian influence and premium craftsmanship using wool and silk. The GI recognition further enhances the protection and bra
Thanjavur Painting On 23 December 2025, the Department of Posts successfully transported a priceless Thanjavur art of Lord Shri Ram from Spain to India. Thanjavur painting is a classical South Indian art form known for devotional themes, gold foil work and decorative richness. The art form reflects temple-linked devotion, royal patronage and ornamental craftsmanship, with paintings usually centred on Hindu deities and sacred stories. Aspect Details Or
Daruma Doll During his visit to Japan, PM Narendra Modi received a Daruma Doll from the chief priest of Shorinzan Daruma Temple. The Daruma is a traditional Japanese wish doll and a symbol of perseverance and resilience. The Daruma reflects the spirit of determination and recovery after setbacks. It also represents a strong cultural and spiritual connection between India, Buddhism and Japanese Zen traditions. Aspect Details Description The Daruma
Lucknow: “UNESCO City of Gastronomy” Lucknow was designated a UNESCO Creative City of Gastronomy on 31 October 2025 for its rich, historic Awadhi cuisine, vibrant food culture and sustainable culinary practices. The recognition places Lucknow within the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, highlighting the role of food traditions, culinary heritage and creativity in sustainable urban development. Aspect Details UNESCO Recognition Lucknow re
Maratha Military Landscapes Added to UNESCO World Heritage List On 11 July 2025, at the 47th Session of the World Heritage Committee, the Maratha Military Landscapes of India were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. This became India’s 44th World Heritage Site, following the 2024 inscription of the Moidams of the Ahom Dynasty. India now ranks sixth globally and second in the Asia-Pacific region for the number of World Heritage Sites. Aspect Details
Gender Budgeting: Towards Women’s Empowerment and Economic Equality In the Union Budget 2026–27, the share of gender budget allocation in the total Union Budget increased to 9.37%, rising from 8.86% in FY 2025–26. This reflects a stronger policy commitment towards women-centred development and gender-sensitive public expenditure. India’s commitment to gender equality is linked to its ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discriminat
Global Gender Gap Index 2025 & India The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2025 ranked India 131st out of 148 countries, slipping from 129th position in 2024. While Iceland continued to lead globally, Bangladesh remained the best performer in South Asia at 24th position. The report estimates that global gender parity is still 123 years away. India’s low ranking reflects persistent challenges in economic participation, digital access, health indicators, e
SC Directions to Combat Dowry Practices On December 15, 2025, in State of UP vs. Ajmal Beg, the Supreme Court issued comprehensive directions to tackle the continuing menace of dowry deaths and cruelty. The Court observed that dowry remains widespread and is often disguised as “voluntary gifts.” The Court treated dowry eradication as a constitutional imperative for gender equality. It emphasised that legal enforcement alone is not enough; social educat
Child Marriages in India: A Barrier to Equality and Development The latest Statistical Report of the Sample Registration System, released in September 2025, presents a concerning picture of child marriages in India. The data shows that early marriage remains a major barrier to girls’ education, health, dignity and economic participation. Child marriage affects long-term development because it increases risks of school dropout, early pregnancy, poor maternal health and intergene
Child Rights & Protection Marrakech Global Framework for Action: The 6th Global Conference on the Elimination of Child Labour, held in Marrakech in February 2026, concluded with the adoption of the Marrakech Global Framework for Action. The conference aimed to establish necessary global actions for ending child labour, as the Sustainable Development Goal Target 8.7 to end child labour by 2025 remained unmet. The Framework emphasises that child labour cannot be addressed by
National Task Force on Students’ Mental Health On March 24, 2025, the Supreme Court of India constituted a National Task Force (NTF) to address the “disturbing pattern” of student suicides in educational institutions. The Court highlighted the lack of robust legal and institutional frameworks and emphasised the need for a holistic approach to student well-being. The issue is linked to academic pressure, competitive environments, weak counselling systems and inadequa
Reduction in India’s Poverty The recent Household Consumption Expenditure Survey and National Statistical Office (NSO) estimates indicate a major reduction in poverty and consumption inequality in India. The data highlights that poverty has fallen steadily over the last decade, with visible gains in both rural and urban areas. The decline is especially significant in poor States and rural regions, where improved consumption levels and better access to welfare schemes, infrastru
Global Burden of Disease Study 2023: India’s Health Transitions Published in The Lancet, the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 reveals a major shift in India’s health profile. The country is witnessing a transition from a disease burden dominated by communicable diseases to one increasingly shaped by Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). NCDs now cause nearly two-thirds of global deaths, and India reflects this broader trend. While India has made progress in longevity and c
Revised Guidelines on Obesity Diagnosis & Treatment India has updated its obesity diagnosis and treatment guidelines after 15 years. The revision reflects new evidence on fat distribution, metabolic risks and obesity-related health complications, especially among the Asian Indian population. The revised approach moves beyond body weight alone and gives greater importance to abdominal fat, insulin resistance and associated conditions. This is important because Indian populations m
Decline in India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) The SRS Statistical Report 2023 highlights a landmark demographic shift in India. The national Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has dropped to 1.9, which is below the replacement level of 2.1. This indicates that India is moving deeper into a low-fertility phase. The decline reflects better family planning, late marriages, improved women’s education, lower infant mortality and rising career aspirations among women. However, it also
Human Development Report 2025: Widening Inequality The UNDP’s Human Development Report 2025 highlights that India’s HDI rank improved to 130, with an HDI value of 0.685, placing the country in the medium human development category. However, the report also warns that India continues to face deep internal inequalities. The report shows that inequality reduces the real impact of development gains. Despite improvements in national indicators, unequal access to income, educat
JALAJ Livelihood Centres: Merging River Conservation with ‘Arth Ganga’ On January 28, 2026, the Ministry of Jal Shakti inaugurated 25 JALAJ Livelihood Centres across the Ganga basin. The initiative is a collaboration between the Namami Gange Mission and the Wildlife Institute of India. The programme aims to create a symbiotic relationship between river health and community prosperity. It is linked to the Arth Ganga framework, which promotes livelihood generation from rive
Usta Art At the Republic Day Parade 2026, Rajasthan’s tableau titled “Golden Touch of the Desert” prominently featured Usta Art. It is a traditional craft linked with Bikaner, Rajasthan, known for raised gold embossing, floral designs and decorative work. The craft reflects a blend of Persian artistic influence, Mughal patronage and the cultural traditions of Rajasthan. It remains one of India’s important heritage crafts associated with decorative embossing an
Pesticides Management Bill, 2025 On 7 January 2026, the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare released a fresh draft of the Pesticides Management Bill, 2025, aimed at regulating the manufacture, import, sale and use of pesticides. It seeks to replace the existing Insecticides Act, 1968 and the Insecticides Rules, 1971. Salient Feature of the Draft Bill Details Comprehensive Regulation The framework covers the entire lifecycle of pesticide
SC Ruling on Equal Inheritance for Tribal Women The Supreme Court delivered a landmark verdict affirming that tribal women possess equal rights to inherit ancestral property. The ruling marks a major step toward gender equality in regions governed by traditional and customary laws. By striking down patriarchal customary practices that historically favoured male heirs, the Court reinforced that culture and autonomy cannot be used to deny women their constitutional protections.
Supreme Court Limits on Narco-Analysis In December 2025, the Supreme Court set aside a Patna High Court order and reaffirmed that involuntary narco-analysis is unconstitutional. Upholding the landmark Selvi vs. State of Karnataka (2010) guidelines, the Court ruled that investigative requirements cannot override fundamental rights. The judgment protects the dignity and autonomy of accused persons during investigation. It makes clear that scientific techniques such as narco-analysis ca
Environmental Responsibility as Core CSR: SC On December 19, 2025, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark ruling interpreting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to inherently include environmental protection. While addressing conservation of the endangered Great Indian Bustard (GIB), the Court held that corporations have a fundamental duty to safeguard ecology as key organs of society. The ruling expands CSR beyond charity and welfare activities. It treats environmental protection
SC Ruling on Pollution Control Board Powers On August 4, 2025, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgment empowering State Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) to penalize environmental violations. Reversing a previous High Court decision, the Court clarified the statutory authority of these boards to ensure environmental accountability. The ruling strengthens the enforcement role of PCBs by allowing them to act not only after damage has occurred but also preventively where environme
Supreme Court Expands Ambit of POSH Act, 2013 On December 10, 2025, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark ruling broadening the jurisdiction of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) under the POSH Act, 2013. The decision addresses modern workplace complexities where survivors and harassers may belong to different organizations. The ruling makes the POSH framework more practical for contemporary work environments, where work is not limited to a single physical office and may involve
SC Verdict on Reproductive Autonomy in Surrogacy On October 9, 2025, the Supreme Court ruled that age limits under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 cannot apply retrospectively. The ruling protects couples who had initiated IVF or frozen embryos before the law came into effect in January 2022. The judgment recognizes reproductive autonomy as a part of personal liberty and privacy. It prevents couples from being unfairly denied surrogacy access after they had already begun lawful
Religion and Privacy are Interlinked: SC In October 2025, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark verdict while hearing challenges to Uttar Pradesh’s Anti-Conversion Law. The Court ruled that the right to choose a religion is a personal choice, and excessive State regulation of it violates fundamental rights. The verdict links freedom of conscience with privacy and autonomy. It recognizes that faith, conversion, and marriage are deeply personal decisions that cannot be controlle
SC Extends ‘Public Trust Doctrine’ to Man-made Lakes On October 9, 2025, the Supreme Court expanded the scope of environmental protection by ruling that the Public Trust Doctrine applies to man-made lakes and reservoirs, not just natural water bodies. The verdict came in a plea involving Futala Lake in Nagpur. The ruling prevents governments or authorities from treating public ecological resources as ordinary property. Even if a water body is man-made, it can still serve
Income Alone Can’t Decide OBC Creamy Layer: SC The Supreme Court has ruled that income cannot be the sole criterion for determining the “creamy layer” among Other Backward Classes (OBCs). The judgment addresses a long-standing issue regarding “equivalence” between children of government servants and employees working in PSUs or the private sector. The Court clarified that the status of a candidate should not be judged only by salary or income. Instead, t
Ethnographic Study of Denotified and Nomadic Communities The Anthropological Survey of India and Tribal Research Institutes have completed a landmark ethnographic study, successfully classifying 268 previously unmapped Denotified, Semi-Nomadic and Nomadic Tribes. The study addresses the historical neglect of communities that were stigmatized under the colonial-era Criminal Tribes Act. These communities have often faced social exclusion, poor documentation and weak access to welfare s
Railways (Amendment) Act, 2024 The Railways (Amendment) Act, 2024 represents a major structural overhaul of India’s railway governance, shifting from a colonial-era framework to a modern, corporate-style system. Area Details Statutory and Legal Reform • Simplification: Repeals the Indian Railway Board Act, 1905, and merges its provisions into the Railways Act, 1989, creating a unified legal code. • Statutory Status: Provide
Protection and Enforcement of Interests in Aircraft Objects Act, 2025 The Protection and Enforcement of Interests in Aircraft Objects Act, 2025 establishes a robust legal framework to safeguard the rights of aircraft lessors and financiers in India. It aligns domestic aviation law with the Cape Town Convention, 2001, ensuring international standards in aircraft leasing and financing. Key Provision Details Insolvency Protection The Act allows lessors
Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 On 4 April 2025, the Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025 received Presidential assent. The Act repeals four existing laws and modernizes India’s immigration framework. Area Details Repealed Laws 1. The Foreigners Act, 1946 2. The Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 3. The Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 4. The Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000
Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 On April 5, 2025, the President gave assent to the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, officially renamed the UMEED Act — Unified Management Empowerment Efficiency and Development. It replaces the 1995 framework and repeals the colonial-era Mussalman Waqf Act, 1923. Key Provision Details Property Verification Prevents arbitrary property declarations by requiring strict verification and stakeholder consultation, especially for
The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025 Introduced in the Lok Sabha on August 20, 2025, this Bill mandates the removal of a Prime Minister (PM), Chief Minister (CM), or Minister if they are detained in custody for serious criminal offences. It seeks to ensure that executive heads do not govern from prison, thereby maintaining administrative integrity. Key Provision Details Grounds for Removal A Minister is liable for removal
Overseas Mobility (Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, 2025 Released by the Ministry of External Affairs in October 2025, this draft Bill seeks to replace the outdated Emigration Act, 1983. It aims to modernize migration governance, enhance the welfare of Indian workers abroad, and curb irregular migration and human trafficking. Key Provision Details Defining Returnees The Bill defines a “returnee” as an Indian national returning after 182 da
Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025 Introduced in the Lok Sabha on August 18, 2025, this Bill seeks to amend 17 Central Acts, including the Motor Vehicles Act and Legal Metrology Act, to decriminalize minor offences. It aims to enhance the Ease of Doing Business by replacing criminal provisions with administrative penalties. Key Provision Details Decriminalization Replaces imprisonment with monetary penalties for offences such as driving
4-Factor Test to Avoid Undue Sympathy in Sentencing On February 17, 2026, the Supreme Court, in Parameshwari vs. State of Tamil Nadu, ruled that increasing victim compensation cannot be used as a reason to reduce an offender’s imprisonment. The Court clarified that compensation and punishment serve different purposes: compensation restores the victim to some extent, while punishment upholds criminal deterrence and public confidence in justice. The ruling is significant because
Rights of Widowed Daughters-in-Law (HAMA, 1956) On January 13, 2026, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark verdict affirming that a widowed daughter-in-law can claim maintenance from her deceased father-in-law’s estate under the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (HAMA), 1956. The ruling strengthens the protective purpose of maintenance law and prevents dependents from being denied support because of narrow technical interpretations. The Court clarified that the phrase &ld
Konkan Coast Geoglyphs Maharashtra’s Directorate of Archaeology and Museums nominated the Konkan coast geoglyphs for UNESCO World Heritage status. These prehistoric geoglyphs may date back nearly 12,000 years, placing them among the world’s oldest rock art traditions. These open-air rock engravings are significant because they preserve early artistic expressions on laterite plateaus along the Konkan coast and represent a rare prehistoric rock art tradition in India.
Bonn Climate Change Conference 2025 The Bonn Climate Change Conference 2025 was held in Bonn, Germany, from 16–26 June. The conference serves as an important technical meeting under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Key Details Aspect Details Venue Bonn, Germany. Dates Held from 16–26 June. Nature of Conference An annual technical meeting held under the UNFCCC.
The Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 The Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 introduces tax changes linked to online gaming, pension contributions, and search and seizure mechanisms. Key Provision Details Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) Aligns the new UPS with the National Pension System by granting tax exemptions on 60% of the final corpus. Saudi PIT Relief Specific tax exemptions for investments made by Saudi Arabia’s Public I
Indian Ports Act, 2025 On August 18, 2025, the President of India gave assent to the Indian Ports Act, 2025, replacing the colonial-era 1908 Act. This legislation modernizes port governance, aiming to establish integrated and efficient co-operative federalism in the maritime sector. Key Provision Details Statutory Recognition Grants statutory status to State Maritime Boards to regulate non-major ports and the Maritime State Development Council to coo
Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025 On August 22, 2025, the President of India gave assent to the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025. This legislation aims to protect players from financial ruin and addiction while fostering a safe, constructive digital ecosystem. Key Provision Details Ban on Online Money Games The Act strictly prohibits all online games involving money, whether based on chance, skill, or hybrid model
The Health Security & National Security Cess Act, 2025 The Health Security & National Security Cess Act, 2025 imposes a new cess to fund National Security and Public Health, initially targeting Pan Masala. The proceeds are credited to the Consolidated Fund of India to support critical national priorities. Key Provision Details Capacity-Based Levy Unlike traditional taxes, this cess is computed based on manufacturing capacity. For machine-base
Income Tax Act, 2025 The Income Tax Act, 2025 replaces the Income-tax Act, 1961, modernizing India’s direct tax framework for the digital economy. It received Presidential assent on 21 August 2025 and will come into force from 1 April 2026. The Act follows the “SIMPLE” framework — Streamlined, Integrated, Minimized Litigation, Practical, Learn & Adapt, Efficient. Key Reform / Change Details Simplified Law Sections are r
Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Act, 2025 On December 20, 2025, the President of India gave assent to the Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha Act, 2025, amending the Insurance Act, 1938, LIC Act, 1956, and IRDAI Act, 1999. The Act addresses India’s low insurance penetration of 4% of GDP and aims to diversify the reinsurance market. Major Provision Details Foreign Investment & Capital The FDI limit in Indian insurance companies is
Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 On 1st September 2025, the Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 came into effect. The Act replaces four older laws: the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920; Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939; Foreigners Act, 1946; and Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000. Key Provision Details Valid Document All entrants must carry a valid passport or travel document and, in the case of foreigners, a valid visa u
The National Sports Governance Act, 2025 Enacted in late 2025, the National Sports Governance Act provides a comprehensive statutory framework for regulating India’s sports bodies. It replaces earlier ad-hoc guidelines with a formal legal regime aimed at professionalizing sports administration and aligning India with global sports standards. Key Provision Details Unified Framework Replaces ad-hoc guidelines with a statutory framework for all Na
National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Act, 2025 The National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Act, 2025 was enacted to ensure India’s anti-doping regime fully complies with the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) standards. It amends the 2022 Act to ensure a transparent, independent, and globally compliant anti-doping regime. Key Provision Details Operational Independence Grants the National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) autonomy from government and sports bodies, p
Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025 The Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025 modernizes India’s framework to address rapid urbanization and technological shifts. It introduces a stronger institutional framework to establish Urban Disaster Management Authorities (UDMAs) in state capitals and major cities to manage city-specific risks such as urban flooding and heatwaves. Key Provision Details Technological Integration Mandates a Natio
Bills of Lading Act, 2025 On July 24, 2025, the President gave assent to the Bills of Lading Act, 2025, replacing the colonial-era 1856 law. The Act aims to modernize the legal framework for maritime documents, aligning India with global international trade standards. Key Provision Details Understanding Bill of Lading A Bill of Lading is a mandatory document issued by a carrier to a shipper. It serves three core functions: receipt of goods, contract
Acts to Modernize India’s Maritime Sector In August 2025, the President of India gave assent to three landmark Acts to overhaul colonial-era regulations and modernize the maritime legal framework. Act Key Features Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 2025 • International Alignment: Replaces the century-old 1925 Act by adopting internationally recognized Hague-Visby Rules, aligning India with global shipping standards. • Legal Clarit
The Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 The Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 introduces reforms in banking operations, nomination rules, cooperative bank tenure, reporting standards, and investor education mechanisms. Key Provision Details Substantial Interest Hike Raises the threshold for defining substantial interest in a bank from Rs. 5 lakh to Rs. 2 crore. Nomination Reform Introduces flexible and multiple nomination facilities f
The Central Excise (Amendment) Act, 2025 The Central Excise (Amendment) Act, 2025 significantly increases excise duties on cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and smoking mixtures. It creates a new structure to maintain revenue once GST compensation cess expires in 2026. Key Provision Details Tobacco Duty Revision Significantly increases excise duties on cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and smoking mixtures. GST Compensation Offset Aims to maint
Freedom of Religion and Right to Privacy Interlinked: Supreme Court In October 2025, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark ruling while hearing challenges to the UP Anti-Conversion Law, asserting that the right to choose a religion is a purely personal choice beyond State regulation. Aspect Details Privacy as a Condition Precedent • Article 25 and Privacy: The Court established a direct link between the Right to Privacy and Article 25, sta
Aadhaar Authentication for Good Governance Amendment Rules, 2025 On January 31, 2025, the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) notified the Aadhaar Authentication for Good Governance Amendment Rules, 2025. These rules update the 2020 framework to broaden the scope and efficiency of Aadhaar-enabled services. Area Details Expanding Authentication Scope • Wider Participation: The amendment now permits both government and non-government entit
SITAA: Securing India’s Digital Identity On October 16, 2025, UIDAI launched the Scheme for Innovation and Technology Association with Aadhaar (SITAA) to co-develop next-generation authentication technologies with startups, academia, and industry experts. Aspect Details Strategic Objectives The initiative aims to strengthen biometric and AI-based systems to counter emerging threats like deepfakes and spoofing. It prioritizes Atmanirbhar Bharat
SC on Minimum Vote Threshold for Unopposed Candidates On April 24, 2025, the Supreme Court examined the democratic validity of declaring sole candidates elected unopposed without public voting. The case centers on whether such “default” wins undermine voter rights. Aspect Details Key Arguments and Challenges • Voter Rights: The petitioner, Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, challenged Section 53(2) of the Representation of the Peopl
SHANTI Act, 2025 On December 20, 2025, the President of India gave assent to the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Act, 2025. This landmark legislation replaces the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, modernizing India’s nuclear policy. Salient Feature Details Private Sector Integration For the first time, private companies can participate in plant
The Viksit Bharat - G RAM G Act, 2025 On 20th December 2025, the President of India gave assent to the Viksit Bharat - Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB - G RAM G) Bill, 2025. It seeks to replace the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA). Feature MGNREGA Viksit Bharat-G RAM G Employment Guarantee 100 days of wage employment per rural household. 125 days of wage employment per rural househo
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2025 On August 19, 2025, the President of India gave assent to the MMDR Amendment Act, 2025, modernizing the 1957 framework. It aims to secure supply chains for critical and strategic minerals essential for India’s green energy transition and high-tech sectors. India faces high import dependency for deep-seated minerals like Lithium, Cobalt, and Gold due to high exploration costs and limited domestic identification.
UN Ocean Conference 2025 The 3rd UN Ocean Conference 2025 was held in Nice, France, from 9–13 June 2025. The conference was co-hosted by France and Costa Rica and focused on strengthening global action for ocean protection and sustainable marine governance. Key Details Aspect Details Venue Nice, France. Dates Held from 9–13 June 2025. Host The 3rd UN Ocean Conference was co-hosted by France and Cost
The Removal of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) The Opposition is preparing to move a motion seeking the removal of Gyanesh Kumar, the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of the Election Commission of India, alleging biased conduct. According to Article 324(5) of the Constitution of India, the CEC cannot be removed from office except in a manner and on grounds identical to those of a Supreme Court Judge. Component Details Grounds for Removal Th
New Rules for OCI Registration and Cancellation The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has notified stricter regulations for Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards to enhance national security and legal accountability. These rules refine the grounds for registration and revocation under the Citizenship Act, 1955. Key Change Details Criminal Accountability OCI status can now be cancelled if a holder is sentenced to 2+ years of imprisonment or is charge-she
Designated National Authority On August 22, 2025, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) constituted the Designated National Authority (DNA) under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. This body is mandatory for implementing Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement, which governs international carbon markets. Area Details Structure and Composition Head: It is chaired by the Secretary of the Union Environment Ministry.
AI-Driven Reforms in India’s PDS On February 17, 2026, the Department of Food & Public Distribution (DFPD) showcased a suite of AI-enabled innovations at the India-AI Impact Summit to revolutionize the Public Distribution System (PDS). These reforms leverage artificial intelligence to enhance transparency, minimize waste, and ensure food security. Key Digital and AI Innovation Details Logistics & Planning Anna Chakra and Route Optimisat
Substantive Motion Recently, a Member of Parliament (MP) submitted a notice to move a substantive motion against the leader of opposition in Lok Sabha. Aspect Details Meaning A Substantive Motion is a self-contained proposal moved by a member of the House to bring forward a specific subject for discussion and decision. Applicability The conduct of persons in high authority can only be discussed on a substantive motion drawn in proper
Maternity Leave: A Fundamental Reproductive Right On 22nd May 2025, the Supreme Court delivered a landmark verdict in the Uma Devi case, ruling that maternity benefits are an essential part of reproductive rights and cannot be restricted by discriminatory norms. Highlight of the Verdict Details Reproductive Autonomy The Court reaffirmed that reproductive rights and the right to motherhood are core components of personal liberty and dignity under Arti
Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025 On November 6, 2025, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare notified the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues (Amendment) Rules, 2025, under the 1994 Act. These amendments aim to enhance equitable access to transplantation services and streamline eye donation processes across India. Key Highlight Details Removal of Equipment Mandate The mandatory requirement for a Clinical
Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 The Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 lay down compliance requirements for entities handling personal data. They focus on lawful processing, breach reporting, children’s privacy, data localisation and penalties for security failures. Provision Details Data Fiduciaries Entities must process data lawfully and report breaches “without delay.” Significant Data Fi
Draft Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2025 On 15th January 2025, in a significant move towards ‘One Nation, One Time,’ the Union government introduced the Draft Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2025, aimed at establishing precise synchronization of time. The Draft Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2025 involve coordination with the Department of Consumer Affairs, National Physical Laboratory (NPL), and ISRO. The aim is to disseminate
Sustainable Harnessing of Fisheries in the EEZ Rules, 2025 Notified on November 4, 2025, these rules aim to unlock India’s marine potential, with a special focus on the Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. Aligned with Budget 2025–26, the framework emphasizes sustainable deep-sea fishing and community-led governance. Key Provision Details Community Empowerment Priority is given to Fishermen Cooperatives and Fisher Farmer Produce
IT (Intermediary Guidelines) Amendment Rules, 2025: AI & Synthetic Content These amendments tighten regulations on synthetically generated information (SGI) and AI-based content to curb deepfakes and ensure digital accountability. The rules introduce formal recognition of synthetic content, mandatory labelling, intermediary obligations, prohibited content categories and faster compliance timelines. Key Provision Details Recognition of Synthetic Conte
Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity (GEI) Target Rules, 2025 On October 8, 2025, the MoEFCC notified the GEI Target Rules, 2025, establishing India’s first legally binding framework for industrial emission reductions. These rules operationalize the domestic carbon market under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022. Key Provision Details Sectoral Scope & Baseline The rules apply to 282 industrial units in the Aluminium, Cement, Pulp &a
World Para Athletics Grand Prix 2025 Aspect Details Host City New Delhi hosted India’s first-ever international para athletics event. Hosting Period India will host the event annually till 2028. India at the Event India finished on top of the medal tally with 134 medals — 45 gold, 40 silver and 49 bronze. PT Facts Host: New Delhi hosted India’s first-ever international para athletics
Sansad Bhashini The Lok Sabha Secretariat and the Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology signed an MoU for Sansad Bhashini—an initiative aimed at revolutionizing parliamentary operations through AI-powered multilingual support and automation. It offers AI-driven translation of parliamentary debates, agenda files, and committee documents into regional languages to enhance accessibility. Instant speech-to-speech and speech-to-text transcription of parliament
Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY) Launched during the Union Budget on 1st February 2025, the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY) aims to uplift the agricultural landscape of 100 selected districts. It is inspired by the Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) model of convergence and competition. The scheme focuses on districts with low agricultural productivity, moderate cropping intensity and poor credit availability. By improving irrigation, storage, f
Jal Jeevan Mission 2.0 On 10th March 2026, the Union Cabinet approved the extension of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) until December 2028. Rebranded as JJM 2.0, the mission shifts focus from mere infrastructure creation to sustainable service delivery and utility-based water governance. The renewed phase emphasizes reliable water supply, long-term maintenance, digital monitoring and stronger village-level accountability to ensure that rural tap-water systems remain functional over time
Revised SHAKTI Policy for Coal Allocation, 2025 On May 7, 2025, the CCEA approved the revised SHAKTI Policy to streamline coal linkages for Thermal Power Plants (TPPs). This reform simplifies the previous allocation framework into two primary “Windows,” enhancing transparency and market flexibility. Key Feature Details Window-I (Fixed Price) Coal is allocated at notified prices to Central/State Gencos, Joint Ventures, and IPPs with existi
National Cooperation Policy, 2025 Unveiled on July 24, 2025, by the Ministry of Cooperation, the National Cooperation Policy, 2025, replaces the 2002 framework. Drafted by a committee chaired by Suresh Prabhu, it aligns with the vision of “Sahkar-se-Samriddhi” (Prosperity through Cooperation) to support a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047. The policy aims to modernize India’s cooperative sector through institutional reforms, digital transformation, professional ma
Major Plans/Schemes/Initiatives Announced in Budget 2026-27 Agriculture & Rural Development Reservoir Development Scheme: The government will support the integrated development of 500 reservoirs and Amrit Sarovars to strengthen fisheries and water resources. High-Value Agriculture Support: Targeted schemes will support the cultivation of coconut, cashew, cocoa, sandalwood, almonds, walnuts, and pine nuts. Coconut Promotion Scheme: A dedicated scheme will be implemented to
38th National Games Aspect Details Host State Uttarakhand. Mascot Mauli, inspired by the Himalayan Monal, the state bird of Uttarakhand. Champion Services Sports Control Board topped the event with 68 gold, 26 silver and 27 bronze medals. Second Position Maharashtra secured second position with 54 gold, 71 silver and 76 bronze medals. Third Position Haryana won 48 gold, 47 silver and 58 bronz
CBSE ‘Sugar Boards’: Combating Childhood Obesity and Diabetes On 14th May 2025, the CBSE mandated all affiliated schools to establish ‘Sugar Boards’ to educate students about the hidden dangers of excessive sugar consumption and deceptive food marketing. The initiative focuses on improving food awareness among children and encouraging healthier lifestyle choices at an early age. It also aims to reduce the growing burden of obesity, diabetes and other lifestyle
HEALD Initiative: Promoting Liver Health and Prevention On 19th April 2025 (World Liver Day), the Union Government launched HEALD (Healthy Liver Education and Alcohol-associated Liver Disease Prevention), a pioneering initiative spearheaded by the Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS). Section Details Core Objectives Awareness & Prevention: Focuses on educating the public about liver diseases, particularly those linked to alco
India Skills Accelerator: Future-Proofing the Workforce On 8th April 2025, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) launched the India Skills Accelerator in New Delhi. This public-private platform aims to build a systemic, future-ready workforce. The initiative focuses on aligning India’s workforce with emerging technological and industrial changes while strengthening long-term employability, innovation and economic compet
Nationwide Integration: Anganwadi Centres & Poshan Tracker On 3rd April 2025, the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) achieved full integration of all Anganwadi Centres with the Poshan Tracker app, enhancing transparency for over 10 crore registered beneficiaries. Section Details Key Highlights and Reach Target Groups: Benefits children (0–6 years), pregnant women, and lactating mothers under Mission Poshan 2.0.
PM-YUVA 3.0 Launched on 11th March 2025 by the Ministry of Education, PM-YUVA 3.0 aims to cultivate a robust reading and writing culture among India’s youth while promoting national heritage. PT Facts Launch Date: 11 March 2025. Ministry: Ministry of Education. Full Form: YUVA — Young, Upcoming and Versatile Authors. Purpose: Promotes reading, writing and mentorship among young authors. Theme: National heritage. Exam Focus: Youth development, literary
MERITE Scheme The MERITE Scheme, approved on August 8, 2025, stands for Multidisciplinary Education and Research Improvement in Technical Education. It aims to improve the quality, governance and employment outcomes of technical education institutions in India. The scheme aligns with the National Education Policy 2020 by promoting multidisciplinary learning, research orientation, skill development and better industry relevance in technical education. It targets government and governm
TALASH Initiative On 10th July 2025, the National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), in collaboration with UNICEF India, launched TALASH (Tribal Aptitude, Life Skills, and Self-Esteem Hub). This first-of-its-kind platform is exclusively designed for students in Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS). Section Details Core Objectives Skill Development: Equipping students with vital life skills, including emotional intelligence,
PM-VIKAS Skill Development and Women Entrepreneurship Programme On 17th July 2025, the Union Government launched the PM-VIKAS Skill Development and Women Entrepreneurship Programme at IIIT Kottayam, Kerala, to empower minority communities through digital and leadership training. Section Details Key Initiatives and Objectives Strategic MoU: The Ministry of Minority Affairs partnered with IIIT Kottayam to train 450 candidates. Youth: 15
A Decade of Three Jan Suraksha Schemes On 9th May 2025, three flagship social security schemes—PMJJBY, PMSBY, and APY—completed ten years of providing affordable insurance and pension cover to millions of Indians. Scheme Details Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) Purpose: Life insurance for death due to any reason for those aged 18–50. Premium & Benefit: Rs. 436 per annum for a cover of Rs. 2 lakh.
First State Innovation Mission in Tripura Atal Innovation Mission under NITI Aayog launched the first State Innovation Mission in Tripura. The aim is to integrate innovation, entrepreneurship and problem-solving into the state’s development planning. The mission is important because innovation ecosystems are often concentrated in large metropolitan areas. A state-level mission can help smaller states build local start-up culture, youth innovation and governance-linked problem-s
PM-RAHAT: Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims PM-RAHAT was launched on February 14, 2026 to provide cashless hospitalisation and ambulance support to road accident victims. The central idea is to ensure that medical treatment begins quickly during the “golden hour”, when timely care can save lives. Road accident victims often face delays because of payment concerns, hospital admission barriers or administrative confusion. PM-RAHAT tries to reduce these delays thro
Urban Challenge Fund The Urban Challenge Fund was approved on February 13, 2026 with an outlay of Rs. 1 lakh crore. It aims to support urban transformation through grants, reforms and investment-based models. The fund responds to the rising importance of cities in India’s economy. Urban areas contribute a major share of GDP, but many cities face infrastructure gaps, climate risks, weak sanitation, mobility problems and governance limitations. Aspect Details
Vibrant Villages Programme Phase II The Vibrant Villages Programme Phase II was launched on February 20, 2026 in Assam. It expands development support to India’s border villages and combines infrastructure creation with livelihood generation and strategic security. Border villages are important not only for development but also for national security. Better roads, telecom, power, water supply, tourism and employment can reduce out-migration and keep frontier regions socially an
Support to Poor Prisoners Scheme: Revised Guidelines The Ministry of Home Affairs revised guidelines for the Support to Poor Prisoners Scheme on March 2, 2026. The scheme was originally launched in 2023 to help poor prisoners who remain in jail because they cannot pay fines or secure bail despite being otherwise eligible for release. The revised framework strengthens the administrative process for identifying eligible prisoners, providing financial support and monitoring implementati
20 Years of Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act completed 20 years since its enactment on September 13, 2025. The law came into force on October 26, 2006 and remains a key framework for protecting women from violence within domestic relationships. Before this Act, legal remedies were fragmented. Section 498A of the IPC mainly dealt with criminal cruelty, but women also needed civil remedies such as protection orders, resid
World Leader for Peace and Security Award 2025 The World Leader for Peace and Security Award 2025 was awarded to Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar. The honour recognised his transformative contributions to global peace, humanitarian leadership, and the integration of spirituality into governance, diplomacy and social reform. Award Details Aspect Details Awarded To Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar. Awarded For Transformative contributio
Extension of Jal Jeevan Mission The Union Cabinet approved the extension of Jal Jeevan Mission until December 2028. The mission continues to focus on providing piped potable water to rural households, but the renewed phase gives greater importance to service reliability, community participation and digital monitoring. The extension marks a shift from only building infrastructure to ensuring that water supply systems function properly over time. This means the programme now focuses no
Economic Stabilisation Fund The Economic Stabilisation Fund was announced on March 13, 2026 by the Union Finance Ministry as a fiscal cushion against sudden shocks. It is designed to help the government respond to unexpected domestic or global economic disruptions without immediately disturbing routine budget planning. Such a fund becomes important during situations like volatile energy prices, supply-chain breakdowns, market stress or geopolitical conflict. It gives the government a
Legacy Thrust Territories The Ministry of Home Affairs introduced the idea of Legacy Thrust Territories on March 2, 2026 to identify districts where the intensity of Naxal or extremist activity has reduced but continued governance and development support is still necessary. The concept recognises that security improvement alone is not enough. Areas that were earlier affected by extremism may still need infrastructure, welfare delivery, livelihood support and administrative attention
Swachh Shehar Jodi Initiative The Swachh Shehar Jodi Initiative, launched on September 27, 2025 by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, is based on a city-to-city mentorship model. It pairs high-performing Swachh Survekshan cities with weaker-performing cities from the same state. Instead of only issuing guidelines from the Centre, the initiative encourages practical peer learning. Better-performing cities share local solutions, operational models and sanitation practices with
HPV Vaccination Drive India’s first large-scale Human Papillomavirus vaccination drive was launched on March 14, 2026 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It aims to protect girls from cervical cancer by vaccinating them at an age when prevention is most effective. The drive is significant because HPV infection is a major cause of cervical cancer. By focusing on adolescent girls, the programme strengthens preventive healthcare rather than depending only on treatment af
Recently, the President of India undertook a sortie in the indigenous Light Combat Helicopter Prachand at Air Force Station Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. About Light Combat Helicopter Prachand The LCH Prachand is an indigenously developed attack helicopter, designed and manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). It is the only attack helicopter in the world capable of landing and taking off at altitudes of up to 5,000 metres (16,400 feet), making it uniquely suited for hi
Bharat Audyogik Vikas Yojna Bharat Audyogik Vikas Yojna, also referred to as the BHAVYA Scheme, was approved by the Union Cabinet in March 2026 as a major industrial development programme. Its central idea is to create ready-to-use industrial infrastructure so that companies do not lose time in land preparation, basic utility creation and initial construction delays. The scheme is linked with India’s larger manufacturing push. By developing plug-and-play industrial parks, it ai
RELIEF Scheme 2026 The RELIEF Scheme, launched on March 19, 2026, stands for Resilience and Logistics Intervention for Export Facilitation. It was introduced as a time-bound emergency support measure for Indian exporters affected by maritime disruption linked to instability in West Asia. The scheme responds to problems such as delayed shipments, higher freight charges, increased insurance costs and stuck export consignments. It is especially significant for MSME exporters because sma
Small Hydro Power Development Scheme The Small Hydro Power Development Scheme was approved on March 21, 2026 to make better use of smaller water bodies for clean electricity generation. It focuses on projects that are smaller in capacity but highly useful for local and regional energy needs. Small hydropower can be particularly valuable in hilly, remote and rural regions where large power plants or long transmission networks may not be practical. The scheme therefore adds a decentral
Sujal Gaon ID Sujal Gaon ID was launched on March 13, 2026 to digitally identify and monitor rural drinking-water infrastructure. It gives a unique digital identity to villages and links drinking-water assets with a national monitoring framework. The initiative improves the visibility of water sources, pipelines, supply systems and household tap connections. It shifts rural water management from scattered records to a more transparent, data-based governance model. As
Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative The Raisina Science Diplomacy Initiative was launched on March 5, 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, during the Raisina Dialogue. It creates a specialised platform to connect India’s scientific capacity with foreign policy and global cooperation. Science diplomacy is becoming important because challenges such as climate change, pandemics, artificial intelligence, space security and critical technologies cannot be handled by one country alon
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